فهرست مطالب اسلام مرادی اصل

Effective reduction of tuberculosis necessitates insight into its spatio-temporal distribution. This study sought to analyze the spatial-temporal distribution pattern of tuberculosis in West Azerbaijan province from 2015 to 2019 using ArcGIS software. By examining the spatial distribution of tuberculosis in the region, the study aimed to provide valuable information for efficient health planning, resource allocation, and implementation of preventive measures.

A cross-sectional analysis was conducted on tuberculosis data (754 patients) at the provincial level, sourced from the Ministry of Health, Treatment, and Medical Education of Iran between 2015 and 2019. Spatial changes were identified using Moran's correlation analysis and Getis Ord G*. Moreover, correlation analysis based on distance and cluster analysis was utilized for spatial-temporal analysis.

The study revealed that 80% of tuberculosis cases in West Azerbaijan province were concentrated in Urmia, Miandawab, Selmas, and Chahar Borj. Furthermore, Piranshahr, Mahabad, Shahindej, and Takab were identified as hot spots for tuberculosis. These cities exhibited a positive and statistically significant Z-Score, indicating a high prevalence of tuberculosis.

The spatial analysis indicated clustering of tuberculosis cases in West Azerbaijan, particularly in Urmia, Miandawab, Selmas, and Chahar Borj with the highest patient numbers. Spatial distance emerged as a critical factor influencing the spread of tuberculosis within the province, with inter-provincial travel facilitating disease dissemination from central to peripheral areas.

Hepatitis B virus [HBV] infection is one of the most important public health concerns. The present study was conducted to provide a descriptive analysis of detected HBV infection in Ardabil province.

In this retrospective longitudinal study, the hepatitis B surveillance database of Ardabil province was examined from 2014 to 2018. The frequency of hepatitis B virus infections was presented based on age, gender, marital status, place of residence, primary symptoms, and reporting sources. Also, the trend of changes in the number of detected cases over time was investigated using time series analysis.

A total of 817 positive cases with a mean age of 43.1 years were reported. Most of them were male [n=503, 61.5]. The Frequency of identified positive cases decreased over time. Most of the infections were asymptomatic [87.5%]. Almost 90.0% of patients with HBV were married and the majority of the identified patients were resided in urban settings [n=598, 73.2%]. Most diagnostic tests were done voluntarily [n=219, 26.8%] or during prenatal care [n=109, 13.3%]. Most cases were identified and reported by the health network [n=292, 35.7%] and blood transfusion organization [n=190, 23.2%].

Decision-makers of the health sector of the province can use this information as a source for evidence-based decision-making in the effective management of the disease.

Coronaviruses are a large group of viruses and constitute a subfamily of Coronaviridae ranging from the common cold virus to viruses causing more acute diseases such as SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Symptom), MERSE (Middle East Respiratory Symptom) and COVID-19 inflicting human respiratory system. The aim of this study was to evaluate the trend of changes in the clinical symptoms of COVID-19 disease during the epidemic period in patients admitted to hospitals in Ardabil province.

In this cross-sectional (descriptive-analytical) study, all patients with suspected symptoms of COVID-19 who were referred to hospitals in Ardabil province were studied. The information was extracted from the hospital data registration system of Ardabil University of Medical Sciences and was analyzed in two time periods between 20th February to 10th July 2020. Chi-square and Fisher tests in SPSS 16 software were used to investigate the relationship between COVID-19 symptoms and time periods.

The total number of hospitalizations during the study was 5541, which after PCR test was positive for 2506 patients (45.22%). Patients were examined at two different time intervals. The first time period from the beginning of the disease in Ardabil province to 4/20/2020 and the second time period from 5/1/2020 to 10/7/2020 were studied. According to the results of this study, the prevalence of stomachache and bruising had almost doubled between the first and second time (p<0.05). However, the prevalence of general weakness, confusion or irritability, runny nose, chest pain and conjunctival redness were significantly reduced during this period (p<0.05).

This study showed that at the beginning of the epidemic, respiratory symptoms had reported in most patients. Over time, some other symptoms, such as gastrointestinal, olfactory, and taste symptoms, had increased, but respiratory symptoms in COVID-19 were still severe and directly affected hospitalization and mortality.

Currently, the coronavirus pandemic is one of the most important health problems all over the world. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of Ardabil University of Medical Sciences during the coronavirus epidemic in Ardabil province.

This cross-sectional study was performed in Ardabil province in northwestern Iran. All patients admitted to hospitals in Ardabil province were recruited. All data were collected from the information registration portal, which was designed according to the instructions of Iranian Ministry of Health and Medical Education. In this portal, demographic characteristics, clinical and laboratory presentations and other data for patients in all hospitals were recorded in one format. SPSS-19 software was used for simple statistical analysis.

During the period from the beginning to preparation of this report, four peaks of Covid-19 were observed in Ardabil. The total number of PCR samples was 76673, of which 33189 (43%) were positive. The number of hospitalized patients was 28792, of which 13716 were positive and the number of outpatients was 47881, of which 19473 were positive.

The results of this study indicate that despite the implementation of national guidelines by Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, the number of hospitalizations and death rates of COVID 19 are still relatively high.

Hand Hygiene by health care providers is a key factor in patientschr('39') health. The aim of this study was to determine knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) of nurses working in Valiasr Hospital in Meshginshahr regarding hand hygiene in 2018.

In this cross-sectional study, 100 nurses working in all wards of Valiasr hospital in Meshginshahr in 2018 were selected by census method. Nurseschr('39') knowledge, attitude and practice questionnaire about hand hygiene was used for data collection. Data were analyzed by SPSS software version 16 and Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney and Pearson correlation tests. In all cases of statistical analysis, p-value less than 0.05 were considered significant.

The mean age of the nurses was 32.9 years. The mean score of knowledge, attitude and practice of nurses regarding hand hygiene were 9.5±1.5, 3.6±0.36, and 4.5±0.41, respectively. This study showed that the most unfavorable score of knowledge (29%) was related to the phrase "hand hygiene is not necessary after office works". The most unfavorable attitude score (30%) related to "I think the lack of an acceptable soap product can be one of the reasons not wash your hand" and the most unfavorable performance score (57%) was related to "Washing hands after touching healthy skin".

According to the present study, nurses have a good knowledge, attitude and practice about hand hygiene. But there is still a gap with ideal situation, which due to the undeniable importance of hand hygiene in improving the quality of patient care; interventions should be made in this regard.

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a viral disease that is transmitted to humans through the tick bite, contact with blood and tissues of infected animals in slaughterhouses as well as infected patients in hospital. The mortality rate of CCHF is 20 - 50%.

The patient was a 20-year-old man, an Iranian farmer, who lived in Ardabil County.
The epidemiologic survey showed that his right leg has been bitten by a tick in the past week. The onset of the disease was a sudden high fever, chills and muscle pain. Molecular analysis of blood by RT-PCR showed that it was positive for CCHF disease.

Clinical and epidemiological findings are the most important strategies for diagnosis of CCHF disease.

Accidents are one of the main causes of death worldwide. Iran has one of the highest death rates due to unintentional injuries among countries. The first step in preventing and controlling accidents is collecting basic information about the severity and type of injuries. This study was conducted to estimate the burden of death due to accidents and injuries in Ardabil province. Death information was extracted from the death registration program of Ardabil University of Medical Sciences. The World Health Organization website has been used to calculate the number of years lost in life. A total of 402 deaths due to accidents have been registered of whom 76.9% were male and 23.1% were female. The average age of the deceased was 39.4 (SD) and 54.2% lived in urban areas and 45.8% lived in rural areas. The YLLs for the total population was 16493 years. The largest amount was related to traffic accidents with 6628 years. The highest number of years was lost in the age group of 20 to 24 years.
Conclution: The incidence of death from accidents was estimated to be 31.64 in 100,000 people. Considering the high mortality rate and the resulting YLL in Ardabil province, this issue should be considered as a serious public health problem and planning to prevent these injuries.

Mosquitoes transmit the important diseases such as Malaria, West Nail, Yellow Fever, Dengue fever, Rift Valley Fever, Sand Biz and Dirofilariasis. Sand Biz and Dirofilariasis disease were reported from North regions of Iran. The aim of this study was the determination of fauna and distribution of culicidae family larvae in Ardabil province.
This cross-sectional study was conducted in the year 2016. Thirty-thrre areas were randomly selected from 10 counties. Larvae samples were collected during the seasonal activity of mosquitoes 2 times per month. After the collection of mosquitos, microscopic slides were prepared and identified using valid keys.
In total, 2087 larvae were collected from 33 different areas that included 13 species from 4 genus (Anopheles, Aedes, Culex and Culiseta). Most observed genus were Culex (82%) and the lowest genus were Aedes (2.43%). In this study, Ae.flavisence was reported for first time in the Ardabil province.
The Culex genus was the most common larva collected in this study and Culex Pippins with 59% was the dominant species of Ardabil province.

About 4-5 million snake bites annually are happening in the world which 20000 -125000 they are dying. Incidence rate of snake bites in Ardabil province is 3-5 in one hundred thousand. This study was designed for determine of snakebite Status in Ardabil province and Identify of high and low risk areas for education, management, prevention and control. This cross-sectional study was conducted and all cases of snake bites that occurred from 1390 to 1394 and were referred to health centers and hospitals by maintaining ethical considerations were analyzed. Distribution snakebite maps were prepared for ArcMap GIS version 10.2 and IDW interpolation. Total of 228 cases of snake bites had occurred in the Ardabil province that 74 % were in rural area and 26 % in urban area. The highest cases were in Parsabad county (29.4 %) and the lowest in Kowsar (0.45 %). Snake bites reported from 105 regions and the results of IDW interpolation showed that three regions were high risk in Ardabil province. The results of this study showed that Parsabad county in Northern and Khalkhal county in Southeast of Ardabil province were a high-risk area

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder that is common throughout the world. Meta-analysis is a statistical technique in which the results of two or more independent studies, with similar objectives, are mathematically combined in order to improve the reliability of the results. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of metformin and linagliptin in patients with type 2 diabetes.
To identify relevant studies, PubMed, ISI Web of Science, Embase, Cochran library, Scopus and Ovid databases were searched from January 2000 to August 2016. Mean difference (MD) with 95% confidence interval (CI) for efficacy were calculated and pooled analysis was performed using Stata V.12 and RevMan V.5.3 software.
Four studies recruiting1260 patients with DM (682 patients in group linagliptin and 578 patients in metformin group) were included in this study. The MD of HbA1C outcome of 0.5 mg linagliptin was effective (0. 7295, % CI = 0. 69 - 0. 75). The MD of fasting blood sugar (FBS) test revealed that linagliptin was effective at 0.5mg (MD = 36.79, 95% CI = 35.20 - 38.38) and 5 mg (MD = 12.65, 95% CI = 2.68 to 22.63) doses.
Our results suggest that some doses of linagliptin versus metformin may be an effective treatment for DM2. However, the number of studies was limited, and further research is needed.

Storing various medicines at home and their arbitrary consumption without doctor prescription are highly important problems in the world and Iran. Having different medicines especially antibiotics at home may cause poisoning, drug resistance, and other irreversible effects. This study was performed to evaluate the medicines stored at homes in households of Meshkin shahr.
The sampls in this descriptive cross-sectional study was selected based on clustering method. The city was divided into five regions (marginalization, non-marginalization and original slum) and a total number of 500 households were selected for quota within these centers. The amounts of surplus medicines were evaluated based on pharmaceutical form, therapeutic and monetary values.
According to the study, 90 percent of families store medicines at home. The average number of drugs per household was 5.32 with the value of 45390 Rials. The most frequent forms of unused medicines were respectively tablets, injections, capsules and syrups. In terms of therapeutic categories, the most frequent medicines kept at homes were antibiotics followed by analgesics, digestive and nerv drugs.
The results of this study showed that storage of antibiotics is very high at homes which may increase drug resistance. Lack of awareness on use and storage of medicines causes very high costs in communities.

Visceral leishmaniasis is an important endemic disease in Iran and Meshkin shahr County is the most important foci of visceral leishmaniasis in Iran. The aim of this study is the survey of recent changes in epidemiological patterns of visceral leishmaniasis in Meshkin Shar area during 12 years. This is a descriptive retrospective study. Records of 193 cases with confirmed kala-azar disease were reviewed in the period of 2001-2012. Data collected from files and were analyzed using descriptive statistics and SPSS v.15. From 193 patients with confirmed kala-azar disease, 85% were resident in rural and 15% in urban areas. Among of these patients, 43% were female and 57% male. About 66% of patients were under 2 years old, 23% in age group between 2-5 years and 11% above five years. Among four parts of Meshkin Shahr County, in the first five years of the study, the most cases of the disease were from the central part, but in second six years the most cases were from the west part of this county and in latest year (2012) it has been coverted. Incidence of kala-azar was decreased during last 12 years. Because of high infection rate in dogs and considering important role of these reservoirs in conserving and distribution of disease, stopped health activities in any parts of area can increase the incidence of disease.

According to the hypothesis that leishmania parasites can be escaped from immune system covered by blood group antigens (ABO) to prevent its recognition by the immune system. The aim of this study was to show the associated blood groups with symptomatic or asymptomatic visceral leishmaniasis due to Leishmania infantum in human. In this cross-sectional study the population was divided into two groups. The first group included 54 patients with kala-azar (antibody against Leishmania titers ≥1:3200 by TDA with clinical specificity) and the second group consisted of 45 subjects infected with Leishmania infantum (Leishmania antibody titers of1:800 and 1:1600 by DAT method and non-specific symptoms). The distribution of the 4 main blood groups ABO type، sex، age، presence or absence of symptoms، clinical signs، and response to Glucantim therapy and DAT results were evaluated. Data were analyzed by chi-square test. Most of the patients in group 1 were blood group A (37%) and the lowest number of blood group were B (12. 8%). In the second group، most of the ABO blood group A (42. 2%) and lowest in the ABO blood group AB (8. 9%). There was no significant association between blood groups and clinical symptoms (p>0. 05). This study showed that there is no association between blood group and incidence of symptomatic and asymptomatic kala-azar.

Human has encountered lots of pathogen and non-pathogenic agents all over the history and has used lots of methods for the control and treatment of such diseases. Apitherapy is one of such measures. This article is a review one. The related investigations were searched from websites and reliablepublished texts. Different databases were explored based on appropriate key words. Historically، using honey bee and its products for treating several diseases is reflected to human recognition from this useful insect. Several honey bee products including honey، sting، pollen، royal jelly، propels، and wax are products that have used for treating different diseases such as allergy، blood diseases، pulmonary and nervous disease، diabetics، audit، eye، immunosuppressive diseases، cancer، psychiatric، dermatosis، and virus and giardia borne diseases، shagas and malaria. This review article will introduce some new products of honey bee in control and treatment of different disease both in Iran and all over the world.

In endemic area, chemically fighting with carrier of kala azar disease is one of the main ways for reducing disease, and ficam is one of the toxins that is appropriate to eliminate mosquitoes and is from health poison among the pesticides. Therefore, by considering the lasting in nature, using ficam can greatly destroy disease-carrying mosquitoes. In this cross - sectional study the rate of effect ficam on different vectors species were examined in Meshkinshahr city. First two infected villages, as cases and controls, and 10 households from each village selected and 1000 m2 from the case village was spraying with ficam than 0.3 g /m2. Then, using sticky traps set in the distances were attempted to identify species and Fon (per 2 villages). In the rate of 524 sand fly predating in this study included 70.5% Phlebotomus Kandelakii, 5% F. Papatasi, 7.5% F. Major, 7.5% F. Balcanicus, 9.5% F. longidoctus. In the case village was spraying and, respectively, 3-15 - 30 - 45-60 -75 and 90 days after spraying at about 79.5% - 69.5% - 83% - 90% - 93% - 100% and 100 % sand fly vanished. According to this study can be said that ficam poison with the survival of three months in nature and with average of lethality coverage of appropriate terms of season to prevent from disease Kla-azar and eliminate sand flies and as a poison, appropriate of health before starts up the season of carriers activity. And ficam poison can be used in the whole of region and country.