فهرست مطالب زهرا نبی زاده

Low back pain is one of the most common musculoskeletal disorders. Exercise therapy is one of the most common treatments for low back pain. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of 6-week core stability exercises on disability and dynamic balance in women with non-specific chronic low back pain.

This controlled clinical trial with pre-test, post-test, and follow-up design was performed on 24 women with non-specific chronic low back pain within the age range of 30-50 years. They were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. Oswestry Disability Index and Biodex stability system were used to assess disability and dynamic balance indices (overall, anterior-posterior, medial-lateral indices, and limit of stability), respectively. Core stability exercise sessions were held for the experimental group three times per week for 6 weeks and the control group received no intervention. Data were analyzed by using mixed analysis of variance repeated measure at a significance level of P ≤ 0.05.

The results showed that core stability exercises led to a significant increase in the limit of stability and a significant decrease in disability and overall, anterior-posterior, and medial-lateral dynamic postural stability indexes (P≤0.05). Moreover, significant differences were observed between the two groups regarding all outcome measures after the intervention. Besides, there was a significant difference between pre-test and follow-up stages in terms of outcome measures (P≤0.05).

According to findings, the core stability exercises resulted in considerable improvements in disability and balance in women with non-specific chronic low back pain.

One aspect of the sustainability of urban development is balanced physical development in line with environmental, ecological, and socio-economic conditions. In the last decades of the twentieth century, despite many efforts in the field of sustainable physical-spatial development of cities, this issue still remains one of the major challenges for geographers, urban planners, architects and urban planners. In many developing countries, accelerated urbanization and increasing urban populations have exacerbated environmental hazards. This is doubly important in small towns. Physical development, in addition to changing land use, has severely limited the basic needs of urban society, including the provision of safe and adequate water, per capita green space, urban waste management and environmental pollution. The aim of this study is to analyze the role of physical development on the instability of urban development from an environmental perspective in the city of Sorkhrud, using a descriptive-analytical method. To do this, first the physical development of the city using the Shannon entropy model was examined and then the role of physical development on environmental problems was evaluated through three components and seven criteria. The three components include; physical, functional and environmental, and the seven criteria were observance of standard land uses, urban furniture, observance of building height, urban green space, maintaining soil balance, land use change of agricultural land. The results suggest that unbalanced physical development has led to unorganized environmental instability in the city, such as land use change and increased environmental pollution. Green space development is the best option for moderating unbalanced physical development.