فهرست مطالب سید حیدر موسوی انزابی

Rapeseed Brassica napus is one of the oilseed plants of interest to farmers in Iran. Cabbage waxy aphid Brevicoryne brassicae is one of the important pests of rapeseed all of the world and one of the main methods to protect plants against aphids is using resistant genotypes. In order to evaluate the resistance of twenty-one canola genotypes to cabbage waxy aphid, a study was conducted (at 27.5 ± 2ºC, 60 ± 10% RH, 14L: 10D) under greenhouse conditions. To evaluate canola genotypes antibiosis, the genotypes were planted in pots in 10 replications based on a completely random design. Net reproductive rate (R0), intrinsic increase rate (rm), finite increase rate (λ), mean generation time (T), doubling time (D) of the cabbage waxy aphid, and pre-mature period length were calculated in greenhouse conditions. The results of the variance analysis of studied data showed statistically significant difference at least at the probability level of five percentage (P ≤0.05). The intrinsic increase rate of cabbage aphid population on Geronimo and Okapi genotypes had the highest and lowest values of 0.287 and 0.215 (female/female/day), respectively. Okapi and Geronimo genotypes had the lowest (16.5 female/female/generation) and the highest net reproductive rate of cabbage aphid (36.75 female/female/generation), respectively. In this experiment, Geronimo was observed as the most sensitive and Opera and Okapi as the most resistant genotypes in comparison with other experimental genotypes.

Canola (Brassica napus L.) is the most important oilseed crop in Iran that its acreage during the last decade have been significantly increased. Due to increase in the acreage of canola, pests of this crop have been increased correspondingly. One of the most important pests of this crop is Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) that causes direct damage on yield and indirect damage through application of chemical treatments. One of the best ways to reduce the damage of these pests is the use of resistant cultivars. In this study, the resistance of 12 genotypes of canola to the cabbage aphid during two cropping seasons (2009-2010 and 2011-2012) was tested in a field experiment using a randomized complete block design with three replications in Agricultural Research Station of Miandoab. In each year, one experiment was conducted under natural condition and another experiment with the same genotypes was conducted where chemical treatments were applied. Infection indices were calculated from square roots of mean for aphid infected shoot length × average number of aphids in one centimeter of infected stem × percentage of contaminated plots to cabbage aphid and index of yield reduction was calculated based on grain yield of canola genotypes in infected fields compared to control fields. In the autumn survey of treatments, no contamination was observed but spring contamination of canola genotypes with aphid provided suitable conditions to evaluate tolerance of the genotypes. At the grouping of genotypes, the indices of yield reduction for Opera, Zarfam, Orient and Licord were the lowest and these genotypes can be considered as tolerant genotypes in Miandoab and similar regions. Genotypes SLM046 and RGS003 had the highest indices of yield reduction and were grouped as susceptible genotypes.

Canola (Brassica napus L.) is one of the prominent oil seed plants in Iran. This plant has good agricultural and food nourishment properties, such as resistant to drought, cold and salinity stresses and low level of cholesterol. Cabbage waxy aphid Brevicorynebrassicae (L.) is the most important and cosmopolitan pest of cruciferous crops. This aphid is reduced 9 to 77% grain yields and up to 11% oil content. Developing environmental-friendly methods, such as deploying insect-resistant varieties to pest control was advised by scientists. Resistant varieties decrease production costs and can be integrated with other pest control policies in IPM programs. In a greenhouse experiment plants of cabbage, cauliflower wassusceptible host plant and broccoli, turnip, rapeseed, showed resistance to cabbage aphid. With the aim of identifying the existence of resistance resources, a laboratory study was conducted to evaluate the effects of seven canola genotypes on biological parameters of cabbage aphid. Detected resistant variety could be used as a resistance source.
Material and In order to resistancy evaluation of canola, genotypes contain “RGS”,“Hyola-308”,“Hyola-401” and “Sarigol” to cabbage aphid, two experiments was conducted under field and greenhouse conditions in Kahriz region of West Azerbaijan province in 2010.In this study infestation index and tolerance in Field conditions and antibiosis study in greenhouse conditions was evaluated.To study antibiosis, genotypes were planted in pots with 10 replications based on completely random design and cabbage aphid population intrinsic rate of increase (rm) was calculated. As followed: (Lotka 1924): 1= other population parameters computed by Carey (1993) method.
Field experiment contains10 replications wereperformed based on complete randomized blocks experimental designs that five of them were under natural infestation and five others, free of infestation (control). To evaluate the mechanism of genotype resistance, infestation index and functional yield loss in the field was used. Infestation rate was measured as followed:Ii = P × L × N
P was the percentage (%) of infested canola plant, L; mean length (cm) of infested stem and N; the number of aphid at per centimeter. Infestation indices values were normalized with . To calculate mean length of infested stems, 10 plants were selected randomly each plot. For measuring of mean aphid population per centimeter, 100 infested stems were randomly selected. Infestation percentage obtained with the accounting of infested plants on plots, that had more than one-centimeter infestation. Functional yield loss calculated as followed:Functional plant loss Finally, PRI calculated (Webster et al., 1987). Combined analysis of variance was done byMSTAT-C software. Also, excel was used to drawing charts and some calculations.
ANOVA of the normalized data showed the highly significant differences (p≤1%) in infestation index rates among the studied genotypesand sampling times. The analysis of the resulted data of yield loss and its component indices based on Complete Random Blocks Design indicated significant differences (p≤1%) between genotypes. The simple ANOVA of theantibiosis experiment data indicated significant differences (p≤1%) in population intrinsic rates of growth (rm) of cabbage aphid. Finally, the genotype of “Sarigol”had the highest Plant resistance index (PRI) in comparison withother genotypes. Intrinsic rate of increase (rm) depends on the percentage of surviving nymph, developmental time, duration of nymph and fecundity of insect. Therefore this character is an important component of resistance to reflect antibiosis effects and determining the degree of resistance. In their experiment, Okapi was known resistant genotype. To evaluate canola genotype resistance to cabbage aphid different methods were applied by researchers including: number of existence colonies and aphid in primary of infestation stage, colonies with more than two centimeters infestation and index that contains the percentage of infestation in a plot multiplied by means of infected stem length.
Yield and yield loss are the main factors that can indicate tolerance or susceptibility of genotypes. In PRI evaluation all case of genotypes resistance to pest such as antibiosis, antisenseand tolerance was studied, it seems PRI is a good method to know resistance degree of genotypes.

To evaluate the effects of seed priming on inducing of water stress tolerance, an experiment was carried out under laboratory and field conditions in Satloo station of Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center in West Azerbaijan province at 2008-9 seasons. A factorial experiment was formed, with the first factor including four cultivars Zarrin and Shahriar (irrigated cultivars), Sardary and Azar (rainfed cultivars) and the second factor, hydro-priming, osmotic solutions (10% polyethylene glycol (8000), 2.5% KCL, 5% NaCl, 10% Urea, 4/0% Micro nutrient), plant growth regulators (1000 ppm Cycocel and 20 ppm Auxin) and non priming as a control. Treatments were arranged at laboratory in Completely Randomized Design and two separate experiments with Randomized Blocks Design under normal and water stress at field conditions with five replications. Irrigation was held at booting stage in water stress experiment. Results of analysis of variance showed that there were statistically significant differences for traits of plumule and radical lenghts and their dry weights, grain yield and its components, total dry matter and relative water content of lage feaf (P≤0.05). Pretreatment of Cycocel was allocated maximum plumule (17.8cm) and radical (17.2cm) lenghts and their dry weights (8.0 and 11.5mg, respectively). All priming treatments at four cultivars had more grain yield than control and at plant growth regulators were dominant and the highest variation percentage. Total dry matter (-10.7%), grain yield (-4.0%) and relative water content (-9.3%) at seed priming with potassium cholride had the lowest variation percentage under water stress than normal conditions. This pretreatment increased spike per squar meter in Shariar, Zarrin and Azar. Within cultivars, Azar with 0.89 susceptibility index was the most tolerance to drought stress. Traits of total dry matter, grain per spike and spike per squar meter observed positive significant correlations with grain yield at seed priming treatments, 0.91**, 0.92** and 0.79*, respectively. It seems that these traits could be used as an indirect criterion for selection of cultivars with high grain yield.

Canola (Brassica napus L.) is one of oilseed plants that has caught the attention of Iranianfarmers. Cabbage aphid Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) is one of the important pests of canola in Urmia region. Regarding to the importance of this pest, an investigation was carried out under both conditions of field and green house in order to evaluate the resistance of 21 canola genotypes against cabbage aphid during 2005-2008. Under field conditions, two separate experiments, each of three replications were performed based on complete randomized blocks designs under both natural infestation and no-infestation conditions to assess tolerance. Natural infestations occurred in all three experimental years. The evaluation of tolerance under field conditions was performed based on the indices as yield loss, 1000 kernal, the number of seed per capsule, and the number ofcapsules per main and accessory stems. Data analysis indicated highly significant differences (p%1) among different genotypes from the stand point of the studied indices. The genotypes Opera, Sahara and Okapi had the least index of yield loss, and the genotypes Geronimo, Talent and Celisius had the most highest index of yield loss. Based on cluster analysis, the genotypes Opera and Sahara were placed in tolerant group and the genotypes Talent, ARG-91004, Geronimo, Celisius and ARC-5 were classified as members of susceptible group. The evaluation of 21 genotype tolerance based on randomized plots design with three replications was carried out in two separate infected to aphid and control treatments under greenhouse conditions during two experimental years. Results indicated differences (p%1) among various genotypes from the view point of their disformation and stem growth decrease indices. Considering these two indices, two genotypes Okapi, and Opera were placed in tolerant group, and the genotypes Talent, Geronimo, Ebonite, ARG-91004, and ARC-5 were known as members of the susceptible group. The comparison of the results obtained through field and green house experiments illustrated that Geronimo was highly susceptible to cabbage aphid, and the genotypes Opera had an acceptable resistance applicable in the integrated management programs against cabbage aphid.

In order to investigate the effects of water deficit at different growth stages of chickpea genotypes، determining the best drought tolerance index and genotypes، an experiment carried out in the Saatlu Agricultural Research Station of Uromia in 2008-2009. The experiment was split plot based on the randomized complete blocks design with four replications، in which، four levels of irrigation as the main plots based on water withholding at branching، flowering and podding stages and normal irrigation، and genotypes including Ghazvin، Bivanich، FLIP97-111C، FLIP99-1C، FLIP98-134C، ILC3279 and FLIP98-143C as subplots. Results showed that water deficit decreased number of seeded pods، seeds per pod، seed weight per plant، seed yield and total dry matter، significantly. There were significant differences among varieties in all measured traits. Indices of stress tolerance (STI)، mean productivity (MP)، geometric mean productivity (GMP) and harmonic mean (HAR) showed that chickpea in branching stage and FLIP99-1C and FLIP98-143C lines were the most tolerant to water deficit. Correlation coefficients between indices and seed yield indicated that for screening chickpea genotypes، STI، MP، GMP and HAR indices were suitable. Principal component analysis showed that with the base of two factors، withholding irrigation at branching stage in Ghazvin cultivar was in desired area of biplot. Withholding irrigation at branching stage، seeds per pod resulted as the most important component in determining of seed yield.

Cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae L.) is a serious pest of canola (Brassicae napus L.) in the world and host plant resistance is considered to be important. Therefore, 21 genotypes of canola were evaluated in a randomized Complete Blocks Design with three replications. The experiment was performed under natural field conditions in the West Azerbaijan province, in 2005-06. Evaluation of the genotypes was based on the infestation index calculated as follow: (Ii) = P×N×L in which P = percentage of infested plants per plot, N= average number of aphid population in one centimeter of infested plant stem, L= average infested plant stem length (cm). Than data of (Ii) was transformed by (Ii=0.5). The first aphid infestation was observed in mid may and continued till harvest time in late June. High trend of aphid infestation implied to the increase of aphid populations, however, a significant decrease of aphid infestation was observed in the last sampling at seed maturity stage. Different sampling data indicated significant differences in aphid infestation and the forth samples had the highest infestation index. Canola genotype: were classified into following four groups: 1-Resistant (Modena, Sunday, Opera, and sinatra), 2-Moderate resistant (Zarfam, Sahara, Okapi, ARG-91004, ARC-5, Orient Milena and ARC-2), 3- Moderate susceptible (SLMO46, Talent, Celisius, Elite, Dexter and Ebontie) and 4- Susceptible (Geronimo, Olpro and Licord).

Cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae L.) is a important pest of canola (Brassica napus L.) throughout the world, and as the host plant resistance is considered as a useful method to control the pest, therefore twenty one genotypes of canola were evaluated from the view point of their resistance to cabbage aphid infestation in a randomized complete block design with three replications and under natural infestation conditions in Urumia during 2007-8. To evaluate the infestation rate of the genotypes, an infestation index indicator of the percentage of infested plants, the number of aphids per centimeter of stem length and the average length of the infested stems was used. The infestation to the aphid began in the mid May and continued till canola harvest time in mid-late June. In the last sampling synchronized to the maturity of canola seeds, the level of infestation was reduced. The different sampling dates indicated significant differences in the levels of infestation to aphid. Also from the stand point of the level of cabbage aphid infestation, canola genotypes were classified in four groups of resistant (including Sahara, Opera, Arc-2, Sintara, okapi and Sunday), semi-resistant (including SLM046, Modena, Milena, Arg-91004 and Regent Cobra), semi-sensitive (including Arc-5, Orient, Elite, Dexter and Licord), and sensitive (including Geronimo, Olpro, Ebonite, Talent and Celisius).

Cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae L.) is a serious pest of canola (Brassicae napus L.) in the world. Host plant resistance is considered as a useful approach, and is recommended for its control. Therefore, resistance of twenty one canola genotypes to cabbage aphid was evaluated. The experiment was arranged in a split plot in time using complete raondomized blocks design with three replications under field conditions in West Azerbaijan province in two successive cropping seasons (2005-2007). Genotypes and five sampling dates were considered as main and sub plots, respectively. Aphid infestation occurred naturally. The first aphid infestation occurred in mid May in 2005-2006 and late May in 2006-2007 cropping seasons. With decrease in rainfal and increases in air temperatures in June, the rate of aphid infestation in the field increased. Combined analysis of variance showed significant (p≤0.01) effects of growing season, genotype and sampling times. Rate of infestation at first cropping season was greater. The highest infestation was recorded on 29 May in 2006 and 4 June in 2007. However, aphid infestation decreased in last samplings, as crop approached physiological maturity. Canola genotypes; Modena, Sunday, Opera, Sinatra, Sahara, Okapi and Zarfam with < 4 infestation index were classified as resistant where ARG-91004, Milena, Orient, ARC-2, SLM046, ARC-5 and Talent with 4-6.5 infestation indices classified as moderate resistant, and Celisius, Elite, Dexter and Ebonite with 6.5-9 infestation indices grouped as moderate susceptible. On the other hand, Geronimo, Olpro and Licord with > 9 infestation indices were identified as susceptible group.