فهرست مطالب سید محسن حسنی

The ecological, economic, and social benefits of agroforestry operations over the integrated agriculture are well-recognized, but failure to use the fertilizers and low profitability of the agroforestry systems may be a reason for the low acceptance of these systems by farmers. In this study, a factorial split-split plot experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications to investigate the effects of bio-, organic, and chemical fertilizers on the improvement of yield, qualitative traits, and the greater profitability of this system. The medicinal species at two levels, fertilizer at five levels, and tree species at two levels were considered as the main-, sub-, and sub-sub plots, respectively. The tree species including cherry (Prunus avium L.) and walnut (Juglans regia L.) were selected for the agroforestry system and the medicinal species including coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) and flixweed (Descurainia sophia (L.) Schur) were cultivated understorey of this system. Four fertilizer treatments including the organic manure (3 kg.m-2)+humic acid organic fertilizer (AgriPlus) (0.5 kg.100 l-1 of water.100 m-2), Mycomix endomycorrhizal biofertilizer (100 g.m-2), Bioazospir bacterial fertilizer (200 g.100 kg of seed), and chemical fertilizer based on the soil analysis (75 kg of urea, 150 kg of triple superphosphate, and 150 kg of potassium sulfate at the beginning of sowing+100 kg of potassium sulfate 30 days after sowing and another 100 kg two months after sowing per hectare) were examined with the control (without fertilizer). The results showed that the plant height and 1000-seed weight at the 5% probability level and the plant fresh and dry weight, number of seeds per spike, seed yield per plant and hectare, and percentage of protein, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium per seeds at the 1% probability level were significantly affected by the fertilizer treatments in flixweed. In coriander, the plant height, leaves and stems fresh yield, number of seeds per umbel and plant, biological and economic yield, and percentage and essential oil yield were significantly affected by the fertilizer treatments at the 1% probability level, too. In flixweed, the organic fertilizer, bioazospir, mycorrhiza, and chemical fertilizer caused the highest amount of studied traits, respectively and the control treatment caused the lowest one. In coriander, the mycorrhizal fertilizer, organic fertilizer, bioazospir, and chemical fertilizer resulted in the highest amount of studied traits, respectively and the control treatment caused the lowest one. Also, both medicinal plants showed much better performance in the combined cultivation with the cherry tree. Among the various combinations in the cultivation, the combined cultivation of coriander with cherry tree was selected as the best one.

The aim of present study was to determining the Economically Optimal utilization Age of Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda) in Guilan Province.

For this purpose, growth data and the price of Tada pine wood were used. Regression analysis was used to determine the best model of Teda pine growth.

The results showed that the best relationship between volume growth per hectare and age of a growth model is a few third degree sentences. The equation for the price of Teda pine trunks was reduced using its model. Due to the lack of significance of this relationship at the level of 0.05, the average price of standing wood was used in different years. According to the price, annual growth and bank interest rate, the optimal age of Teda pine was obtained according to technical and economic criteria.

Results showed that economically optimum utilization age of Teda pine changes with different discount rates, optimal rotation age follow different trend.

Although the ecological and social benefits of agroforestry systems are well known, the acceptance of these systems amongst farmers is emerging slowly. Introduction of the most profitable agroforestry systems and proving their advantages compared to traditional farming systems, may increase the social acceptance of these integrated trees and crop cultivations. This study aims at evaluating evalute the agroforestry systems financially developed in Chadegan anf Frieden cities of Isfahan province. Aroforestry systems and practices developed in the study area were first identified and recorded. Then, planting, growing and harvesting activities (type and amount) of agroforestry systems were examined over a periode of 10 years through survey method. Average cost and revenue of agroforestry activities and inflation-related data were extracted from the annual reports of Agriculture – Jahad Organization of Isfahan Province and Statistical Center of Iran, respectively. Financail calculations were performed using Land expectation value (LEV) and Equivalent Annual Value (EAV) criteria and nominal discount rate (the sum of the real discount rate of 3 to 5% and the average of inflation rate during the study period). Results showed that alley cropping of alfalfa and fruit trees has the highest financial return amongst the agroforestry systems of the region while windbreak (shelterbelt) and trees for soil conservation were ranked second and third, respectively. Further research is necessary to know how farmers decide amongst agroforestry systems and how to encourage them to apply the optimal one.

Due to lack of agroforestry research in Iran, it is important to identify the existing agroforestry systems in order to create a database for further researches. Feridan and Chadegan citis, west of Isfahan province are two areas in which the various agroforestry systems have been developed. These two regions were selected for research because of providing the easy access and a variety of systems. The goal of this study was to design a method to collect, detect and record the data in the interdisciplinary field of agroforestry. Therefore, it was meant to introduce the traditional sicence of agroforestry and to create the necessary research backgrounds plus the development of this knowledge. Field observations, interview, recording the basic information, primary Carlowitz method (1972) and Mathinkhah et al(2003) method were adopted for describing and recording the agroforesty systems. The informations were recorded in special forms for each system based on Matinkhah et al (2003) criteria and eight cases of Carlowitz method for nomenclaturing systems. Furthermore, several adjustments were performed in accordance with region conditions and added to the existing criteria. Finally, 17 different agroforestry systems were identified and documented in the study. The descriptions of these systems are provided in the paper according to the 22 criteria. Also there is a list of the system names, region with principal criteria of trees, crops and forage in which exist in Nair (1993) classification. These systems were classified according to the ecological and climatic conditions, the level of technology and social and financial conditions.

Knowledge about relationship between soil and plant can help in modification and management of natural areas. For this purpose، a study was conducted to investigate the relationship between woody and herbaceous plants biodiversity with physicochemical characteristics of topsoil in forest district of Chahar-Asiab، Behbahan. Sampling was done along transects with 100 m length، 50 m away from each other. In order to investigate floristic characteristics، some plots were laid systematically along transects. Also to measure physicochemical characteristics of soil، samples were taken from different depths (0-15 and 15-75 cm) at the beginning and the end of each transect. Then، PAST and SPSS software were used to calculate biodiversity and perform correlation analysis respectively. The shannon-winer and Simpson diversity indices and Margalef and Menhinick richness indices were calculated، and correlation analysis was done between the indices and soil characteristics. Results indicated that، plant diversity in study area is correlated with some soil characteristics، so that organic matter and silt percentage had negative and electrical conductivity and sand percentage had positive correlation (p<0. 01) with biodiversity indices.

Scientific miracle is one of the aspects of miracle in the Holy Quran. The Holy Quran includes verses referring to scientific fact, those proved by development of human knowledge and scientific equipments after passing 14 centuries from the revelation of the Quran. The verse 4 of Munafiqun verse: "as though they were blocks of wood in striped cloaks" is among those verses which, based on a speculation, have been confirmed by undeniable scientific discoveries. Therefore, there is a possibility for this verse to refer to "capability and role of the trees in absorption, control and reduction of acoustic pollution", the fact nowadays proved as a scientific fact.