فهرست مطالب فرهاد رهبر

Financing is one of the important issues that every industry faces in some way. Therefore, in order to maximize the wealth of shareholders, one of the decisions of the managers of small and medium sized industrial units is the decisions related to financing. Hence, the purpose of this research was to design a financing model for small and medium sized industries in Iran in order to improve productivity management. Since this research had a qualitative approach, the grounded theory method was used as a research method. The data was collected through in-depth and open interviews with 20 academic and industry experts, which was then coded and validated. The extracted codes included 411 concepts (open codes) and 20 main categories. Based on the systematic approach of foundational data theory, the identified codes were classified into six categories, including " central phenomenon, causal conditions, background conditions, intervening conditions, strategies and consequences". The results obtained from the interviews show that the central phenomenon of "financing" includes "drafting of financial plans during the financing process", "financial monitoring and evaluation during the financing process" and the categories of "development of operational activities", "developments of company's finances" and "company's environmental causes" as causal conditions have an effect on the categories of the central phenomenon. The foundational categories as necessary background conditions for the realization of financing in small and medium sized industries include: "financial accounting standards", "standardized financial statements", "company’s financial affairs management", "financing institutions", and "company's general management". Meanwhile, some categories act as interfering conditions in realizing financing in small and medium sized industries including: "macro environmental interventions", "internal company interventions" and "prerequisites for realizing financing" which are both background and intervention conditions. They can influence the presented strategies. These strategies include: "corporate discipline", "analysis and monitoring of the prevailing situation in the company", "actions and classification of matters for financing" and "using auxiliary levers" which are the necessary strategies in the implementation of financing in small and medium sized industries. If the central phenomenon is realized, the categories of "business excellence", organization of financial flows" and "economic development" can be expected as the resulting consequences.

This article has aimed to propose the concept of "organizational resilience against corruption" as a new concept.Nuopponen and Nasi’s target oriented method of concept analysis was used to form concept of organizational resilience against corruption through abductive and synthetic methods by using existing concepts and insights. For this purpose, data base of Google scholar, Science direct, Web of science, SID.ir and Ensani.ir have been searched to retrieve the related literature. Literature search was limited from 2000, with the keywords of corruption and organizational resilience. Then results were filtered by the keywords of anti, fight, combat, curb, reduce, prevent, control, resistance and corruption. Finally, after reading the abstract of articles, 39 of them deemed relevant to our study and were reviewed.In this study, reducing corruption, anti-corruption, fighting/combating/curbing corruption, corruption prevention, corruption control and corruption resistance were identified as coordinate concepts of the organizational resilience against corruption. Anticipate, response, monitoring, legitimacy management, reintegration and learning were recognized as subordinate concepts of organizational resilience against corruption. Organizational resilience against corruption is a meta-capability of organizations and includes what the organizations should have and what should do before, during and after the corruption.A resilient organization is also aware of corrupted events, corrupting processes, and organizational culture supporting corruption.

This study sought to establish a conceptual framework for explaining organizational resilience against corruption in Iranian governmental economic organizations.

Glaserian emerging grounded theory method was used to identify factors of organizational resilience against corruption as a new concept in literature. In order to find a deeper understanding of the concept and its generative factors in three layers (event, mechanism, and structure), in an integrated framework, the critical realistic ontology was used.

"Anticipating", "monitoring", "response", "reassurance", "reducing impacts of corruption on staff", and "improvement" were recognized as principal categories in the empirical layer. Categories of "intelligence and dynamic organism", "strong control" and "resilient staff" were recognized as generative mechanisms in the actual layer. Categories of "open system", "organizational culture" and "attitude to corruption and reform" were recognized as structures in the real layer. These 12 factors with other conditional factors shape organizational resilience against corruption.

According to these categories, organizational resilience against corruption is a meta-capability that includes what organizations should have and do before, during, and after corruption.

The Covid-19 outbreak crisis in 2019 ushered in a new chapter in the development of virtual communication systems. Social networks can be considered one of the most successful tools in the field of information technology which always plays an important role in such situations. Availability, low cost, high reliability, popularity, and scalability are some of the key features of social networks that make them very instrumental in telemedicine development.

In this research, a new cycle in telemedicine systems based on virtual social networks, through the agile development method, has been built up; so that the processes of prevention, identification, diagnosis, and treatment would be efficiently followed, using a social network with a robot-making platform for easy scalability.

 Considering the effects of events such as the Covid-19 pandemic, social networking platforms can be used as practical tools for screening, prevention, treatment, and treatment, due to their accessibility. To reduce the psychological burden on society in acute and special situations, these platforms can be adopted as a strategy for virtual therapy by healthcare staff.

The possibility of creating messaging platforms and developing interactive robots are among the advantages of social networks. This method is easy to develop and low-cost. Thus, a dynamic relationship with users through the possibility of telemedicine, acquired from messaging social networks, can be established.

The banking system is one of the main pillars of any economic system and has the highest degree of influence on other sectors, and in the event of a crisis and bank instability, it easily spreads to other sectors and even to the macroeconomy. Therefore, the factors affecting bank stability should be identified and applied by the importance of each relevant strategy. The research method is descriptive and applied and to identify, influence and influence and prioritize and interact between factors affecting bank stability, the combined method of DANP in the period 2006-2018 has been used for 15 countries in the Middle East and North Africa (Mena). Based on the research background, 17 sub-criteria have been extracted in 5 main criteria. Examination of the factors affecting the stability of the banking system of the countries revealed that the external factors of macroeconomic and internal inflation are specific banking factors (net loan to assets and granting facilities), profitability (average return on equity), and banking risk (ratio of cash reserves to assets). Have had the most impact. Expanding the scope of analysis and explicit calculation for asset and risk management, especially credit risks (net loan to asset-to-payments ratio) and liquidity (ratio of cash reserves to assets) for bank managers and inflation control for macroeconomic sustainability is proposed by the central bank.

Banks, as the center of financial and payment systems, play a pivotal role in providing the resources needed for economic sectors by attracting and allocating resources in the economy. Therefore, the efficiency of the banking sector is considered as a key factor in economic growth. In addition, due to the banking-centric nature of the financing system in Iran, banks provide a significant part of the need for financial resources of manufacturing companies. So, shocks in financial markets affect the performance of firms by affecting the resources available to firms and, consequently, their financial expenditures, thereby affecting the real sector of the economy. The performance of banks is, in turn, influenced by the macroeconomic environment and the decisions of the central bank as a monetary policy maker. Therefore, it is very important to study the effects of the central bank policies and the change in the behavior of banks as financial intermediaries on different sectors of the economy. The purpose of this article is to investigate the effect of central bank policies on macroeconomic variables with an emphasis on the behavior of banks as the main suppliers of capital and liquidity for the manufacturing sector.

In this article, the economic conditions of Iran are simulated in a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model using seasonal information from 1989 to 2018, and the effects of monetary, credit and real shocks on the country's economy are analyzed. The model used for this purpose covers four parts including production sector, household sector, bank sector and central bank and government sector. At the beginning of the period, the household is the supplier of labor and keeps its resources either as a deposit with the bank or as cash. The production sector consists of three parts including the entrepreneur, the producer of capital goods and the producer of the final goods (firm). The entrepreneur is the supplier of capital, and the producer of capital uses the capital purchased from the entrepreneur and his own capital to generate new capital and, again at the end of the period, to sell the new produced capital to the entrepreneur. In this model, banks use household deposits to provide facilities to enterprises; this loan is used to produce goods. So, the bank's major task is to provide working capital for the production units and the resources required by the entrepreneur at the interest rates which are determined in advance. According to the macroeconomic conditions of Iran, these interest rates are determined by the Monetary and Credit Council in an orderly manner and target the tools of the central bank. An important point about the assumptions of this model is that, unlike most similar studies, the entrepreneur who receives the credits from banks may go bankrupt and be unable to repay the received money. This assumption is taken into account in the model, as observed in Iran’s economy. In this study, in order to design the model, the research works of Bernanke et al. (1999), Smith et al. (2007) and Boys and Zhou (2016) have been used.

Based on the results obtained from the model, the occurrence of a negative credit shock will reduce production, consumption and investment. It can also increase the interest rate on credits, raise the inflation and reduce working hours. Moreover, in case of contractionary monetary policies, production, consumption, investment, the number of working hours of the labor force and inflation can decrease while the interest on credits increases. The remarkable result about the implementation of contractionary monetary policies is that, after the implementation of this policy, the amount of credits granted by banks experiences fluctuations; it decreases at first, then increases again over a period of time, and then the effects of the shock gradually disappear.

According to the results of the model, a contractionary policy in the form of reducing the amount of credits not only has a negative effect on production and consumption but also increases inflation. In other words, reduction of the level of aggregate demand as a result of a reduction in credits does not lead to the control of inflation. This is due to the high dependence of Iran's economy on bank credit financing. Therefore, it is suggested that the central bank not control macroeconomic variables by controlling banks' interest rates and loans, because it will not have desirable results. Instead, it is recommended that the central bank direct macroeconomic variables by controlling the policy rate in the interbank market and changing the volume of bank reserves.

Banking, by its very nature, involves a wide range of risks. Banking supervisors should identify their risks and evaluate and manage them. Therefore, the factors affecting banking stability should be identified and applied in proportion to the importance of each relevant strategy. 

The method of the present research is descriptive and applied and using descriptive and inferential methods, the data have been analyzed and then the obtained results have been analyzed. It has been used to identify the impact of credit and liquidity risks on banking stability in selected member countries of the Mena region using the Panel Gentle Transfer Regression (PSTR) model, which is one of the prominent regime change models. 

According to the results of MATLAB software, it was found that the variables of liquidity risk and credit risk in both regimes have the greatest impact on the stability of the banking system of MENA member countries and also the impact of credit risk in both regimes is greater than liquidity risk. Therefore, formulating appropriate policies to manage credit risk reduction can lead to the stability of the country's banking system, which in turn will strengthen the monetary system.  Analyzing the relationship between economic factors and risks on banking stability is an important issue that has been addressed in this study. The thresholds of credit risk as a turning point and distinguishing point of the two regimes expressed in the PSTR model, for these equations, have been estimated according to the Akaik and Schwartz tests (3.36 and 3.83), respectively. The results of parameter slope estimation showed that the adjustment speed from one regime to the second regime was equal to 0.194, which indicates their gentle adjustment speed. In the first regime before the threshold, ie the linear part of the PSTR model, the variables of credit risk, payment facilities, inflation and crisis and shocks to countries have a negative and significant effect on the banking system. In contrast, the variables of facility to deposit ratio, liquidity risk, bank size, return on assets, efficiency of banks and GDP have a positive and significant effect on the banking system. In the second regime, the nonlinear part of the PSTR model, the variables of facility to deposit ratio, bank size, inflation, capital to asset ratio, facilities and crises and shocks that have hit a country have a negative and significant effect on the banking system. In contrast, the variables of liquidity risk, credit risk, return on assets, efficiency of banks, gross national product and payment facilities of banks have a positive and significant effect on the banking system. 

According to the results of this study (first and second scenarios), liquidity risk, in addition to a positive effect on banking stability, intensifies its positive effect on the banking stability of countries. Credit risk also has a significant effect on off-line banking stability, which has been confirmed. In other words, according to the results of the estimated model, the variables of liquidity risk and credit risk in both regimes have the greatest impact on the stability of the banking system of MENA member countries, so that the effect of credit risk in both regimes is greater than liquidity risk. Therefore, formulating strategies to reduce instability in the country's banking system, credit risk management can be an important factor to increase banking stability, which will strengthen the monetary system.

The present study investigates the impact of macroeconomic and bank-specific variables on non-performing loans (NPLs). To avoid the identification problem, two models are employed to address this impact. The first one tests the effect of macroeconomic variables including the growth of oil revenues, inflation, and the growth of GDP without the oil sector on the growth of NPLs. Data is quarterly over the period 2004:3 to 2019:3. The transition variable in this setup is the growth of oil revenues and its threshold is 9 percent, which divides the sample into oil booms and oil recessions. According to the results, inflation has a significant positive effect on NPLs. During the oil boom, oil revenues decrease the NPLs. Due to the immense size of the government and its current and capital expenditures, when oil revenues are lower, the government forces banks to allocate loans to finance projects with long maturity. Furthermore, the present study used PSTR to test the impact of bank-specific variables consisting of interest rate spread, loan loss provision, loan to deposit ratio, and NPLs. To do so, monthly data of 10 banks is used over 2016:04 to 2020:12. The transition variable is the interest rate spread at 1 percent, which categorizes the banks into two groups of good and bad. Good banks collect deposits with a low-interest rate and allocate high-rate loans with less chance of default. So, interest spread is the most important prominent determinant of decreasing NPLs, while the loan to deposit ratio is dependent on the banks belonging to which group. For good banks, the loan to deposit ratio decreases the NPLs, while for bad banks, it worsens the growth of NPLs.

In this article, we take a new approach to simulating and modeling the dynamic system of foreign trade using the theory of control and system engineering. First, we examine the dynamic model of government budget, imports, domestic production, and then by designing a controller based on determining the amount of imports by the government to control the amount of tariffs to support domestic production, finally simulating the model in the form of Different scenarios are discussed. Various conditions in the field of foreign trade require a proper analysis and understanding of the performance of the executive arms of the government in this important economic field. Therefore, with a common perspective in the fields of engineering and economics, we have analyzed the situation. The results of this model indicate that the variable customs tariff is a very important control to support domestic production, if this tool is not used properly, it can act as an obstacle to the growth of domestic production.

The aim of this research is to "explaining discourse of thoughts, opinions, ideas and guidelines of Imam Khamenei(His long shadow is long and continued)against economic sanctions". The present research is an applied-development research that in it according to necessity, documentary methods, quantitative and qualitative content analysis as well as discourse analysis is used to explain their thoughts, opinions, ideas and commands.The results of the analysis of Imam Khamenei's discourse(His long shadow is long and continued) show that the enemy, having a discourse of domination with the aim of imposing more effective and efficient sanctions and economic pressures, in performing not turning the sanction into opportunity (threat), not having of economic tricks, not use of valuable experiences, not having of insight ss well as the continued lack of endeavor(Jihad) to against of sanctions, has imposed sanctions against the Islamic Republic of Iran. What was considered as a dislocation of the present discourse was considering the sanctions by the enemy as a growing threat.In response to such sanctions, the main element in the discourse, which is somewhat explained at the level of the community and the authorities, is intelligently and authoritatively confrontation with sanctions, which of accordingly, the concepts of confronting domination spirit and economic self-sufficiency, production of knowledge base along with emphasis on creating justice in terms of sanctions as well as as endurance and economic tolerate in the framework of this discourse has been manifested.

Energy resources are one of the most important issues related to the current human civilization. Among all energy carriers, hydrocarbon resources have an unrivaled position in the world's energy basket. The long-term impact of oil on the economic security of the Islamic Republic of Iran is important as one of the largest countries with conventional hydrocarbon reserves on the one hand and an oil-dependent economy on the other. Climate change, energy transitions and the changing role of oil, the most important mega-trends and technological changes related to renewable energy, energy efficiency, increased oil and electric vehicle extraction, increased production from unconventional oil and gas sources and the digital transformation of effective propulsion and driving forces shaping oil futures. The long-term future of oil will undermine economic security as one of the key dimensions of national security. In order to reduce the negative effects of the economy's dependence on oil and stabilize the country's economy and with the aim of transforming the oil-based economy into an oil-based economy, adopt six priority strategies, including reforming the budgeting system, improving the energy subsidy system, integrating decision-making and policy-making. In the energy sector, it is necessary to complete and develop the value chain, invest in renewable energy, and ultimately increase oil production in order to convert underground resources into surface resources and create wealth from oil exports.

Knowledge economics is a vital factor for economic development. In fact, it is a modern engine of growth and development. The Islamic Republic of Iran, in order to achieve sustainable development and global competition, requires a major shift from a resource-based economy to a knowledge-based economy. On the other hand, achieving the objectives of the twenty-year vision document with a jihadist, flexible, opportunistic, productive, endogenous, forward-looking and outsourcing approach reveals the importance of research in formulating knowledge-based resilience strategies. Accordingly, the main issue of this research is the strategies of the resistance economy of knowledge base in the Islamic Republic of Iran? The current research is a applied-development-exploratory exploratory (qualitative and quantitative) method. The statistical population of the study consisted of 35 experts with at least 20 years of history and were selected through targeted sampling. The main tools for collecting data in this research are documents, interviews and questionnaires that collect data from library and field data, then using strategic analysis methods such as the Internal Assessment Matrices (IFE) and An external environment assessment (EFE) and SWOT strategy development have been analyzed, followed by a quantitative strategic planning matrix that prioritized the strategies. The results highlighted five priority strategies, which are presented in this paper.

Section 16 of Resistance Economics Policy has been taken into consideration. This study has studied part of the above.. This research aims to identify the components of fundamental transformation in structures in order to save on public spending in the country. The research method was descriptive-survey and data collection tool was open questionnaire and interview. Data analysis was performed by SPSS and Smart-PLS software in two stages of fitting the model of modeling and fitting the structural model. As a result, the research hypotheses were also confirmed by identifying the components of the fundamental transformation in structures. Therefore, the relationship between saving public expenditures in the country and the fundamental transformation in structures (assignment of state-owned enterprises, the assignment of government agencies and the assignment of development projects to nongovernmental departments) were verified and the main hypothesis and sub-hypotheses of the research were confirmed.

Today, considering the internal and international conditions of the Islamic Republic of Iran, including economic sanctions and resistance, the need for change in the customs system is felt more than ever. In this research, in order to achieve a customs system based on the general policies of resistance economy (with an emphasis on improving the business environment), it attempted to investigate the current status of the customs system of the Islamic Republic of Iran, identify the factors shaping the preferential customs system and explain the manner in which the components of the appropriate customs system Has been. This research was carried out using quantitative and qualitative methods (mixed). According to the research findings, the effect of Satisfactory customs system inputs and Satisfactory customs system outcomes, considering the changing role of environmental factors, is influential on "processes" and "outcomes and achievements" of the Satisfactory customs system, respectively. However, the Satisfactory customs system processes are not affected by the consideration of the moderating role of environmental factors on the desired systemic outputs