فهرست مطالب فهیمه شفیعی

Today, composite resins are a suitable choice for tooth restoration, which in relation to posterior teeth, the most important limitations are marginal leakage, secondary decay, poor load bearing capacity, high wear and inability to restore contact. The durability of posterior restorations especially class II restorations is less compared to amalgam restorations. This has been affected by various factors such as polymerization shrinkage, thermal expansion coefficient and abrasion resistance that limits the durability of the posterior composite.

The present study was a cross-sectional descriptive study, which 68 final year dental students of School of Dentistry of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences in Yazd City were selected by census and their attitude and awareness were studied using a valid and reliable questionnaire containing demographic characteristics and attitude as well as awareness questions. All the data were analyzed in SPSS 16 statistical software. Likert scale was used to measure awareness and attitude.

In the present study, among the 68 final year dental students, 37 students (54.4%) were male, 31 students (45/6%) were female the mean and standard deviation of the age of the participants was 25.12 ± 2.3 years. In this study, the mean and standard deviation of total attitude score of final year dental students was equal to 22.80 ± 6.74 and the total attitude score of final year dental students based on Likert Scale was lower than the average. Most of the students reported the quality of posterior composite training to meet practical needs as poor.

Based on the results, the awareness and attitude of final year dental students in relation to posterior composite restoration training was less than average and weak, respectively. There was no significant difference was observed between the knowledge and attitude scores with the gender and age.

Treatment of root-treated teeth depends largely on proper restoration. Direct restorations are a better choice if there is sufficient residual tissue. This study aimed to investigate the knowledge of dental students in School of Dentistry in Yazd City about the taught factors of direct restoration of endodontically treated teeth.

In this descriptive-cross-sectional study, the knowledge of 67 dental students of School of Dentistry in Yazd City about the taught factors of direct restoration of root-treated teeth was studied using a valid and reliable questionnaire containing demographic characteristics (age and gender) and 28 knowledge questions. After collecting the data, using SPSS version 16 software, they were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, Mann-Whitney test, T test and Pearson correlation coefficient.

36 (53.7%) female students and 31 (46.3%) male students with an average age of 25 ± 3.14 participated in this study. The average awareness score was 32.74 ± 9.65. The average knowledge score of female students (35.30±10.27) was higher than that of male students (31.95±8.70), but this difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.156). In the age group under 25, the average score of awareness (34.78 ± 9.94) was higher than the average above 25 (30.43 ± 8.1). There was an inverse and significant relationship between knowledge score and age, r=-0.242 and P 0.049.

The average knowledge score of dental students regarding the taught factors of direct restoration of endodontically treated teeth was good. Gender did not have a significant effect on the knowledge of students, and the knowledge of students under 25 years old was higher than ones over 25 years old.

Dialogism, a key concept in Mikhail Bakhtin’s theory of polyphony, posits that the author's voice is parallel to the voices of the characters and is reflected in the text through various techniques.The current research, which is based on the descriptive-analytical method and based on library documents, compares the two novels "Farewell to Arms" written by Ernest Hemingway and "Dar SholehāyeĀb" written by MortezaMardiha.The purpose of this research is to explore the techniques employed by Iranian and American writers in the texts to convey their voices, as per Bakhtin's theory.The research findings reveal that both novelists although have some differences, they convey their intentions through character naming. In the novel "Dar SholehāyeĀb" the characters are archetypes and their names reflect this, while in "Farewell to Arms", the Catherine’s discourse and behavior, along with the narrator's indifferent attitude towards war, create a contrasting effect.In "Dar SholehāyeĀb", the indifferent voice of Ahanj conflicts with the sacred and serious voice of war. Military and religious discourse dominate the oral communication in "Farewell to Arms", whereas in "Dar SholehāyeĀb", the text is surrounded by the discourse of the fifth column, the Gurdian Corps, and the military. The hidden argumentative discourse in "Farewell to Arms" represents the voice of the military and religion, whereas in"Dar SholehāyeĀb", the voices of doubt and the military serve a similar purpose.

The present research is the analysis of the sonnet " Chehrey-e Aftab Penhan ast (The face of the sun is hidden)" by Hossein Monzavi based on the semiotic approach of the poem " MichaelRiffaterre ". The purpose of this research is to discover the meanings and hidden layers of this sonnet at the level of retroactive reading with the aim of answering this question: what factors create the origin of the poem in the sonnet "Chehrey-e Aftab Penhan ast (The face of the sun is hidden)" by Hossein Monzavi? According to the texture of the gazelles, it seems that this is achieved through the meaningful elements in the poem. The present research method is descriptive-analytical and based on library documents. In this research, after selecting this sonnet in accordance with Riffaterre's approach, the aforementioned poem was examined at the level of exploratory and retroactive reading.Then, focusing on retroactive reading, with the aim of discovering the origin of the poem, the selected sonnet was analyzed according to two meaning-making systems, "accumulation process" and "descriptive system".The results of the research indicate that in the "accumulation process", poetic interpretations in the vertical axis and metaphorical relationship revolve around the concept of "lack of communication" and in the "descriptive poem" the two semantic cores of "distrust" and "unsettled socio-political situation" inspire the poetic origin of the sonnet."Distrust" and "Unsettled socio-political situation" are manifested in this sonnet with images and combinations that are mentioned in this research. Finally, these descriptive processes indicate the main origin of this sonnet, which is despair.

This paper aims to design a three-level sustainable dairy supply chain under uncertain conditions. Mixed-integer nonlinear programming proposed to optimize the total costs taking into account the environmental and social considerations of a multi-period and multi-product chain applied to a dairy company. The delivery time and the first-in-first-out (FIFO) policy of the products are of particular importance in the proposed model.

Design/methodology/approach: 

A dairy supply chain in Iran investigated as a real case study and the authors considered various numerical experiments, and evaluated the developed model. The primary sources of data used in this study were from the Pak Company. The suggested mathematical model coded in the GAMS 2017 software. Due to the uncertainty of economic parameters and demand, a robust-heuristic optimization approach used to solve the proposed model.

Results indicated that the values of the objective function were close together in the deterministic and robust conditions. This finding outlined the proper performance of the model under uncertainty.The outputs of the three solution methods (MINLP, MILP, and the heuristic method), indicated a higher heuristic approach performance regarding the two other approaches based on the value of the objective function and the time to solve the problem. Besides, based on the sensitivity analysis, the objective function displayed a direct relationship with the demand change, and as demand increased at different levels of uncertainty, costs increased either. Furthermore, the impact of product life cycle on cost target was different and in each scenario, increasing product lifespan led to reduced costs of the supply chain with different scenarios.

Research limitations/implications: 

The most significant research limitations were the lack of issues related to production planning such as integrated production strategies and overtime, consideration of equal volume and weight capacity for vehicles, and integration of three aspects of sustainability in a goal function. Studying issues related to production planning, including production under different strategies of integrated production and overtime; the use of diverse and heterogeneous vehicles and the selection of a suitable one for transporting raw materials and products; multi-objective mathematical modelling; and the development of meta-heuristic algorithms to solve the model are suggestions for future research.

Practical implications: 

According to the results, conducting robust models can lead managers to make integrated decisions in uncertain situations. They can decide about the optimal flow of materials in the production of flexible products in a dairy supply chain. The perishability of products (especially products with a short shelf life) adds the complexity of inventory. Therefore, managers can minimize inventory costs by considering the exit issuance system in the order of product entry. Besides, if the company attempts to move to the triple bottom line evaluation of economic, environmental, and social performance, it can use the proposed structure and research solution model.

Social implications: 

The results of the model presented to the meeting of the company's board of directors. Since the proposed model provides a framework for measuring social responsibility, highly recognized by managers, and all agreed on its applicability to the company. This model creates values that lead the company to move towards social responsibility, from which it was far in recent years. Due to the various lifespan of products and their importance in environmental pollution, production managers in the dairy supply chain should adopt appropriate decisions in the production system with highest durability and minimal environmental pollution, which will lead to economic growth in this industry.

Originality/value:

 Compared to previous studies, this study is one of the first quantitative studies wherein, a multi-level/multi-product supply chain considered in the dairy industry.In this paper, the social costs of sustainability such as job creation cost for individuals, layoffs, and lost working days simultaneously investigated concerning economic and environmental perspectives in the uncertain environment (demand, transportation costs, production costs, holding costs, and capacity of facilities considered as uncertain parameters). Since dairy products widely used in delivering food in the daily diet plan, due to the risky distribution of dairy products, the authors recognized the loss of quality and expiry date of products in the proposed model. Due to the high demand for dairy products, subjects such as time for delivery, and first-in-first-out (FIFO) policy of products were of particular importance in the proposed model.

The present study aimed to evaluate the micro-shear bonding strength and failure patterns of two types of Universal Bonding agents to superficial dentin using self-etch and etch-and-rinse. In this study, 35 intact extracted premolar teeth were selected and superficial dentin were exposed by disk. In the next step, two blocks were obtained from each tooth and they were subsequently divided into 5 equal groups (n=14). Scotchbond Universal (3M/USA) was used in group 1 with a self-etch method. The same bond was utilized in group 2 with total-etch technique. In group 3, All-bond universal (BISCO/USA) was used with self-etch method and it was used in group 4 by etch-and-rinse technique. Finally, Single bond 2 was used in group 5 as a control group. The Z250 XT (3M/USA) resin composite was bonded on the surfaces of samples and were cured. Micro shear bonding strength was calculated by microtensile testing machine and failure modes were determined by stereomicroscope. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey test. The mean±SD values of scotch bond self, scotch bond total, All-bond self, All-bond total, and Single bond total were 35.74±6.21, 29.50±3.89, 24.60±3.53, 31.47±4.73, 18.09±3.87, respectively. The self-etch technique for Scotchbond Universal and the etch-and-rinse technique for All-bond Universal has higher microshear bonding strength. Adper single bond 2 showed significantly the lowest bond strength (P<0.05). According to the obtained results, the microshear bonding strength of universal adhesives was material-dependent although universal adhesives showed higher bond strength.

The present study was conducted with the aim of evaluating the effects of Er:YAG laser (λ=2940 nm) and acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF) gel on the acid resistance of enamel white spot lesions, when applied alone or combined together.
This laboratory study was conducted on 90buccal and lingual slabs of human molar teeth. The samples were submitted to pH-cycling model to create white spot lesions. Subsequently, they were randomly assigned into six groups of positive control (without enamel white spot lesion), negative control (with enamel white spot lesion), enamel treated with APF gel, enamel irradiated with Er:YAG laser, pre-treated with APF gel followed by Er:YAG laser irradiation, and pre-irradiated with Er:YAG followed by APF gel application. Before and after the treatments, the samples were analyzed using potentiometer in order to evaluate the fluoride contents. Statistical analysis was performed using Kruskal-Wallis and ANOVA tests (P=0.05).
According to the results, the application of APF gel before or after laser irradiation resulted in the highest enamel resistance to acid and fluoride uptake (P As the findings indicated,Er:YAG laser changes the chemical combination of the enamel, and improves enamel hardness, especially when combined with topical fluoride, suggesting its anticaries potential

Increased tooth sensitivity is a common dental problem. One of the mechanisms of dentin hypersensitivity treatment is blocking dentinal tubules. The aim of this study was to compare the average closing dentinal tubules affected by carbonated Nano-hydroxyapatite and fluoride toothpaste using scanning electron microscope (SEM).
The enamel of gingival buccal crown surfaces of 42 sound maxillary premolars teeth were removed until the dentin surfaces were exposed. The dentine specimens of 3×3 mm were prepared. The specimens were washed by distilled water after etching and randomly divided into 6 groups. 3 groups were interfered with the carbonated nano-hydroxyapatite toothpaste and the other three groups interfered with Colgate toothpaste in 3, 7 and 14 days. The samples were examined by SEM to check the status of dentinal tubules. Then, they were evaluated by two researchers according to the Hulsmann index. Data were analyzed by using SPSS23 software and Kruskal-Wallis statistical test. The significance level of 0.05 was considered.
The amount of dentinal tubules closure by the two toothpastes was significantly different. This difference was higher in the hydroxyapatite toothpaste than fluoride which were (P=0.024, 0.004 and 0.000), respectively. There were no significant differences among the groups in 3,7 and 14 days (P=0.230, 0.069, 0.537).
The toothpaste containing carbonated nano structural hydroxyapatite was more successful in closing dentinal tubules than Colgate toothpaste in short period of time.

Balance difficulties are common among multiple sclerosis patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Cawthorne and Cooksey training on static and dynamic balance of women with multiple sclerosis (MS). The population consisted of women suffering from multiple sclerosis and their disability index (EDSS) was three to six. 30 participants who were eligible to enter the research were purposively selected and randomly assigned to control and experimental groups (15 subjects per group). In order to measure the static balance, Sharpened Romberg balance test, and to measure the dynamic balance, Berg balance test were used. To analyze the data, independent t test and analysis of variance with repeated measures with SPSS 19 were used. The results showed that Cawthorne and Cooksey training had significant differences in static and dynamic balance of participants. Therefore, it is recommended to use this type of training to improve balance in patients with multiple sclerosis.

Root surface preparation refers to removal of the smear layer from the root surface. The aim of this study was to compare the amount of smear layer removal from the root surfaces following root planing alone and the use of CO2 and Er:YAG lasers using scanning electron microscopy
In this experimental in vitro study, 18 root segments from periodontally involved teeth were prepared and distributed into 3 groups (n=6): group A: treated with Er:YAG laser (2.94 micron,120 mj with water and air, 15 seconds, 20 Hz, 7-8 mm from the surface of segment, perpendicular to the root surface); group B: treated whit CO2 laser (10.6 micron, 3 W, 4 seconds, 5 cm from the surface, perpendicular to the surface); group C or control (scaling and root planing with a curette only). The specimens were evaluated under a scanning electron microscope to determine the amount of smear level removed (SLR) and micrographs were taken. Data were analyzed using Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests (α=0.05).
The results showed significant differences in SLR between the three groups, with significantly greater SLR in both Er:YAG (p value = 0.002) and CO2 (p value = 0.026) laser groups compared to the control group. However, there was no significant differences between the two laser groups (p value = 0.937). In the Er:YAG laser group, the smear layer was removed completely, resulting in an irregular surface with partially open tubules. In the CO2 laser group, too, the smear layer was removed completely, resulting in partially open dentinal tubules but the surface in this group was smooth. In the control group, smear layer persisted and some dentinal tubules were opened.
It seems application of both CO2 and Er:YAG laser to root surfaces removes the smear layer and partially opens the dentinal tubules.

Tourism industry is considered as an effective factor for economic and social development of urban areas. As a matter of fact, cities has always been regarded as one of the most attractive places for tourists which, as a symbol of the degree of human social evolution, include important economic, scientific, recreational, medical, centers. Moreover, they have natural attractions and cultural heritage. These features make cities attractive for tourists. However, if the tourist entrance to the cities were not accompanied by planning and management, it would not only stop the urban development and progress, but also make a lot of damages to these areas. Therefore, systematic analysis and comprehensive approach are necessary and inevitable to achieve a sustainable stable development of tourism according to the social, cultural, economic and environmental dimensions. Kerman, as one of the country's historic cultural center, attracts a large number of domestic and foreign tourists annually. The present study aims at evaluating the impact of historical and cultural tourism on stable development of Kerman. The Method is a descriptive - analytical one in which the data were gathered applying the field study and literature survey. Cochran formula was used to determine the samples, 384. Besides, sampling procedures and questionnaires were randomly distributed. The data were analyzed by applying Spss software. The findings which were the result of t-tests (one sample) and Spearman correlation, suggest that cultural-historical tourism has a positive impact on increasing the revenues in Kerman. Besides, the effects can be used to increase the income of citizens, create new jobs, and improve local businesses. Moreover, the effects of tourism on the stable development in dimensions (economic, social, and environmental) concluded that economic indicators index (0.763) has the maximum environmental impact, while bio-environmental coefficient (0.487) has the minimal effect on stable development in Kerman.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of aerobic exercise training on plasma vaspin concentration and insulin resistance index in sedentary overweight women. Twenty six sedentary overweight women (aged: 43. 1 ± 12. 6 year، weight: 73. 4 ± 10. 0 kg، BMI: 29. 1 ± 3. 2 kg/m2) voluntarily participated in an 8-weeks aerobic exercise training program included running with 40- 80% reserve heart rate، 20- 45 min/day. Anthropometric and metabolic parameters in addition to plasma vaspin concentration were measured at baseline and after 8 weeks of the training program. To compare changes in variables according to body composition alterations، we divided the subjects into responders (defined as participants who lost ≥1% of baseline body fat percentage)، and non-responders (defined as participants with no change or <1% reduction in body fat percentage). After 8 weeks of aerobic exercise training we did not find any significant changes in plasma vaspin concentration. Nevertheless، body weight and body fat percentage decreased significantly (P≤0. 05) and plasma vaspin concentrations increased significantly (P≤0. 05) in responders، but not in non-responders. Changes in plasma vaspin concentrations were significantly correlated with changes in plasma insulin and glucose levels، and insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) only in non-responders. This study indicated that reduction in body fat percentage induced by aerobic exercise training could be an effective factor to increase plasma vaspin levels in sedentary overweight women.

The purpose of this paper is defining the effective factors on the risk of supply chain and measures its effect on the manufacturing industries. This study is a practical research with a descriptive correlation method, that used the multiple regression analysis and path analysis techniques to determine factors affecting the risk of supply chain. Data collection tool is a questionnaire that has 37 questions. To evaluate the reliability of the questionnaire Cronbach’s alpha, and for assess the validity of the questionnaire, KMO test and Bartlett's test has been used. According to the results, it has been defined that seven factors have been affected the supply chain's risk. They are Political, marketing, information technology, disruption, supply, production, collaboration and communication factors. In continues, for determine the direct and indirect role of each factor on the dependent variable, path analysis has been used and It was found that IT factor has the most effect on supply chain risk.

Given the importance of social interaction, knowledge management and performance, this study is to survey the effects of internal and external social interaction on the performance of university faculty members, with an emphasis on the mediating role of knowledge management. All 130 faculty members of Persian Gulf University of Bushehr took part in this research. 92 questionnaires were distributed, 64 of which were returned and analyzed by structural equation modeling to help presented hypotheses being tested. The results showed that internal trust and internal and external communication have positive and significant effect on knowledge management at the university. Moreover, knowledge management has a positive and significant effect on the performance of faculty members.

Today, many organizations have focused on the issue of quality (total quality management (TQM) and ISO standards) to sustain their survivalsurvive in the market and to respond customer's needs appropriately and timely, but the success of implementation of these systems is doubtful. Public and private organizations in Bushehr and Shiraz (which have implemented the ISO systems) were chosen to identify variables affecting these systems success. After reviewing the theoretical literature, these variables are categorized into 4 segments: managerial, personnel (employees), external and cultural. Questionnaire was used to gather data. Data were analyzed using Discriminant Analysis. The results indicate that the most important ISO implementation variables are 1) continuous improvement in the organization, 2) ISO Compatibility with strategies and organizational structure, and 3) the quality of internal and external communications. Based on these results, these three variables can estimate correctly ISO implementation success levels as 80.2 percent.