فهرست مطالب محمدعلی حکیم زاده

This study aimed to determine the response of licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) to different methods of planting and different levels of water salinity. The experiment was conducted as factorial based on a completely randomized design with 3 replications, during 2019-2020 in Salinity Research Center, Yazd, Iran. Treatments included five levels of water salinity ( 0.9 [control], 3, 6, 9 and 12 dS/m), and two planting methods (transplanting and direct seeding). Morphological traits such as plant height, number of lateral branches, leaf area, total dry weight, and physiological traits such as total chlorophyll and carotenoids, and sodium and potassium contents were measured. The results showed that the highest plant height (62 cm) was in the control (0.9 dS/m) and transplanting method, maximum number of lateral branches (70 per plant) and largest leaf area (1032 cm2) were obtained in the control treatment, maximum total dry weight (2.68 g/plant) was in control and transplanting method, and the maximum carotenoids content (5.5 mg/gFW) was in the control and transplanting.  In the control and direct seeding treatment, maximum  total chlorophyll content (51.21 mg/g FW) and the highest amount of potassium (14.8 mg/kg DW) were observed.  The maximum sodium content (15.2 mg/kg DW) was obtained in 12 dS/m and transplanting treatment. In general, with increasing salinity level to 12 dS/m, plant height in both planting methods decreased. Also, with increase in water salinity,  the number of lateral branches and leaf area decreased by 84% and 88.5%, respectively. Total chlorophyll, carotenoids, and potassium also decreased significantly, but the amount of sodium ion increased. Transplanting was less affected by salinity in most parameters, except the total chlorophyll and sodium. Higher salinity stress had negative effect on different licorice plant parameters including plant height, number of lateral branches, leaf area, as well as the amount of total chlorophyll and carotenoids. In general, transplanting was more productive than direct seeding. The findings of this study show that, in situations with scarcity in fresh water, seedlings should be watered with fresh water, and saline water should be used for irrigation after transplanting.

The scarcity of cultivable land for medicinal plant growth in arid regions has resulted in the excessive utilization of pasture plants for medicinal applications. The objective of this study was to investigate the potential of hydroponic and aquaponic systems as alternative approaches for cultivating lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus). thus, an experiment based on a completely randomized design with five repetitions was conducted in Yazd University and the impact of three different cultivation systems (hydroponic, aquaponic, and soil) on the different characteristics of lemongrass were determined. The results demonstrated a significant impact of the cultivation systems on various morphological attributes of the plant including root length, stem diameter, height, and total plant dry biomass. The hydroponic system improves these aforementioned characteristics by 133%, 33.3%, 40.9%, and 56.5%, respectively, when compared to traditional soil planting methods. The aquaponic was found to be ranked lower than the hydroponic system, but it demonstrated a significant improvement in the investigated traits when compared to soil bed cultivation. The influence of different culture systems on the concentration of macro and microelements (excluding potassium) in the aboveground part of the plant was found to be statistically significant. The hydroponic system exhibited the highest nitrogen concentration, while the highest levels of phosphorus and magnesium were observed in the aquaponic system. Conversely, the soil cultivation system displayed the highest concentrations of calcium, sodium, iron, and zinc. Furthermore, the culture medium had a significant impact on the levels of chlorophyll, protein, fat, fiber, and ash in the plant. However, the investigated treatments did not show any significant influence on the concentration of the plant's proline and carbohydrates. Overall, the findings of this study demonstrate the significant impact of three examined cultivation systems on the morphological, physiological, and biochemical attributes of lemongrass as a medicinal plant. Moreover, the potential utilization of hydroponic and aquaponic beds as viable alternatives for cultivating this plant in arid regions is indicated. However, it is necessary to investigate the economic aspects of lemongrass plant production in the mentioned systems as well as the effect of planting substrate on the secondary compounds of this plant in future research.

The distribution of plant species in rangeland ecosystems is influenced by environmental factors. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between environmental factors and the distribution of Suaeda aegyptiaca species in Fars province using the principal component analysis (PCA) method. The range of distribution of Suaeda aegyptiaca species in the lands around Neyriz city was identified and after determining the sampling areas, it was done using the minimum surface method using snail plots and surface / species curve. In a number of sampling plots, soil samples were taken from the active depth of the soil sample and the parameters of soil texture, and Bd, Ec, K, C/N, C%, SMS, P, Caco3, N, were measured. The results showed that the amounts of N, P, C, Ec, pH, Caco3, Bd, sand, silt and clay had a significant effect on the distribution of Suaeda aegyptiaca species. In contrast, K and C/N values did not have a significant effect on the distribution of this species.

Haloxylonplanting and developing artificial forests in arid lands is one of the important actions to combat desertification. In this research, tree planting (by Haloxylon  aphyllum Iljin) in Dosangi Meybod in different methods including repairing, runoff control, pitting and planting in owed have been compared with control area. For this purpose, in each area, four 300 m transects were considered randomly - systematically, and 15 plots (10 m2) were randomly collected on each transect. In each plot, vegetation characteristics including total vegetation percentage, density, canopy cover, freshness and depth of root and soil characteristics including moisture, permeability and soil carbon storage were measured. The Shapiro-Wilk test were used to test of normality of the collected data,  and were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and Duncan's test. According to the results of analysis of variance, the effect of planting with different methods on crown cover, density, freshness and deep rooting of Haloxylon shrubs and the percentage of vegetation is significant at 1% level. However, its effect on permeability and soil moisture in May is significant at 1% level and on carbon storage is significant at 5% level. Increase of vegetation cover by 5.1%, density of 249.7 number per hectare, Haloxylon cover of 3.7%, freshness class 1.5, soil moisture in spring 38.1% rooting more than 3 m and permeability 8.03 cm/h was related to the planting in dry river, which had a relative success in vegetation development in this region.

With thirteen critical erosion hubs containing an area of roughly 532 thousand hectares, and 14 regions influenced by wind erosion with an area of 1144311 hectares, the Yazd province ranks fifth among the Iranian provinces in terms of the magnitude of crisis hub, and third in terms of the extent of affected areas. The history of desertification activities in the province dates back to 1970, based on which some 42,000 hectares of the Yazd-Ardakan plain has been afforested. As a phreatophyte member of the Chenopodiaceae family, Haloxylon aphyllum is mainly characterized by such features as xerophyteness, halophyteness, and psamophyteness, and is considered as the most compatible species among desert plants. On average, each mature Haloxylon aphyllum tree needs 2.4 m3 water annually for optimal growth. This study sought to evaluate and identify the strengths and weaknesses of the Haloxylon plantations carried out with ripping method in arid region in an attempt to fight against desertification. The annual precipitation rate in the Ashniz Meybod Desert rangeland was estimated to be 74 mm, and the vegetation was found to be less than 2% before Haloxylon plantations. The region’s soil has a medium block structure up to a depth of 30 cm and is structureless from the depth of 30 to 120 cm, and its stability in a dry state is very tough. The soil texture in this horizon is clay-silty. The maximum depth of the area’s ripper is 80 cm, and hardpan layer is not completely eliminated. Moreover, during the 1990s, ripping operations and Haloxylon plantations was carried in the study area where 250 Haloxylon trees were planted in each hectare within three years in the water distribution plain and irrigated 12 times.  

This study investigated the Haloxylon aphyllum plantations in the region mentioned. To this end, four transects (300 M) were randomly – systematically considered in each area, on each of which some fifteen plots (10 m2) were randomly collected. For each plot, the vegetation characteristics including the total percentage of vegetation, density, Haloxylon and Artemisia species’ canopies, harmony, and richness and diversity of species, and soil characteristics including Permeability‎ and carbon sequestration, were measured. Moreover, to study the harmoniousness, richness, and diversity of species, the Sympson, Hale, and Margolf methods were used respectively. In addition, to measure the soil’s permeability and moisture, Double Cylinder and TDR methods were used, respectively. The collected data were examined in terms of normality via Shapiro-Wilk test, and analyzed through one-way variance and Dunken tests. As for the inventory, the transect-plot method was performed systematically-randomly. Therefore, for preparing the inventory of the region’s vegetation, eight transects and one-hundred and twenty 10 square meter-plots were used. Moreover, eight and sixteen measurements of the soil’s water permeability and carbon sequestration were made in each site and the whole area, respectively. Furthermore, each season’s soil’s moisture was measured eight and sixteen times in each site and the whole area, respectively, leading to 24 and 48 measurements for the three seasons in total.  

The study’s findings showed that the ripping operations and Haloxylon plantations with a density of two hundred trees per hectare increased total vegetation by 1.87 percent, Haloxylon canopy by 1.68 percent, and the Haloxylon density by 83 trees Per hectare. It was also found that ripening operations had no significant effects on the Artemisia’s density and canopy as the region’s dominant species, and the richness, diversity, and uniformity indices. The pits made following the ripping operations for seeding have led to the accumulation of the surrounding wastewater inside the pits, with the soil moisture in the ripping operations site being 4.25% greater than that of the control site in May. Moreover, the ripping operations have increased the soil’s permeability and carbon sequestration by 0.75 cm per and 1.31 tons per hectare, respectively, which are not significant.  

As ripping operations up to a maximum one meter cannot eliminate the hardpan, the implanted seedlings cannot develop their roots in the soil not be able to take root and would only remain survived and fresh so long as they are irrigated. On the other hand, continuous irrigation to maintain the current situation would be very costly and economically unjustified. Therefore, due to low precipitation rate, inappropriate distribution, and frequent droughts in arid and desert regions, and the high costs of preparing the ground, provision of seedlings, plantation, and irrigation, the attempt to implement the Haloxylon plantation operations with high density for three consecutive years based merely on the region’s precipitation whose maximum ecologic capacity comprised of 1.87% vegetation with regard to the climatic and adaptive conditions of the study area, seems really unusual and.

Soil moisture controls many processes in the climate and is considered as a very important variable in the ecosystem and a basic parameter of the environment. It directly influences the life of plants, animals and microorganisms and plays a major role in the energy exchange between air and soil. The purpose of this study is to estimate the surface moisture of soil using the temperature indicators of the earth surface and the inertia of apparent heat. Therefore, MODIS images were used in Mortazie area of Yazd province in two different time periods, one from Feb, 8, 2018 to Feb, 14, 2018 and the other in the summer from July, 4, 2018 to July, 9, 2018. Also, the temperature-vegetation drought index, mostly used in previous research on soil moisture was applied to evaluates results. The apparent thermal inertia was obtained from images of morning and evening modes from Terra and Aqua satellites. A linear relationship was established between the temperature-vegetation drought index and the apparent heat inertia on specific days. The RMSE and R2 were found to be 0.15 and 0.86 on July, 7, 2018 and 0.18 and 0.76 on Feb, 9, 2018 respectively. The overall results showed a linear and direct relationship between the apparent thermal inertia and the TVDI surface moisture index.

This studywas conducted as a completely randomized design with 3 replicates at Research Greenhouse of National Salinity Research Center, during 2017-18 growing season. Treatments were seven levels of water salinity: 3 (control), 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 dS.m-1. Throughout the experiment, plant length, fresh weight, dry weight, leaf area, chlorophyll content, soluble sugars and proline were measured. Results showed that salinity treatments significantly affected all the traits. Salinity significantly reduced plant height, such that plants in 60 dS/m were 12.37% shorter than those of 3 dS/m. Fresh weight, dry weight, leaf area, chlorophyll a, and total chlorophyll were increased by increasing stress level from 3 to 30 dS/m, but then significantly decreased by increasing salinity up to 60 dS/m. Increasing salinity from 3 to 30 dS/m increased plant dry weight by 3.7 g per plant, but increasing it to 60 dS/m reduced dry weight. Increasing salinity to 60 dS/m led to enhanced proline (52.03%) and soluble sugars (21.21%). Salinity tolerance threshold of Suaeda fruticosa was 31 dS m-1 and the slope of dry matter decrease was 0.22% per increase in each salinity unit.

Rangeland and desert land improvement is a series of operations that are implemented in each region to increase the productivity of soil production and breeding with ecological conditions. In the present study, the impact of restoration treatments (Farrow) on the soil of Ashkezar desert lands in Yazd province was investigated. For this purpose, 10 soil samples were taken from Farrow and 10 in the control area from 0 to 30 cm depth and soil physical and chemical parameters were extracted in the laboratory. Data were analyzed by SPSS16 software using independent t-test. Results showed that soil physical properties of sand percent at 1% probability level had significant difference between restorationarea and control areas. Other physical parameters, including silt and clay content, did not show significant differences. In terms of soil chemical properties EC parameters, sodium content (milieq / l), sodium absorb ratio (SAR) and exchangeable sodium ratio (ESP) have significant differences at 1% probability level between control and restoration treatments area.

Soil is a major component of the biosphere that is exposed to pollutants such as heavy metals. Soil pollution by heavy metals is an important issue and heavy metals originate from the two main sources of natural resources and human inputs including mining, various industries, road transport, mineral and chemical fertilizers for agriculture, sewage sludge, and industrial wastes. Mining and mineral processing activities are the most important sources of potentially toxic elements entering the environment and pollute various parts of the environment (including water, soil, air, and vegetation sources). Along with population growth and industrial development, mining activities for metal extraction have also expanded and as a result, the environment around the mines has been more and more affected by metal pollutants. Kushk Pb-Zn mine has been manually worked since 1940 and mechanized since 1964 and is located in a condensing and processing plant next to the mine. Mining waste is located on the margin of the mine deposited and can be spread downstream by wind or water. Because so far few studies have been conducted on the level and extent of pollution of soil sources around the lead and zinc mine, so the present study aims to evaluate the concentration of heavy metals (Cd, Mn, Cu, Fe, Pb, and Zn) and the extent of pollution and their environmental hazards were assessed in the study area. Sampling was done in November 2018 and 102 soil samples were collected from the Kushk mine area and its surroundings. Sampling has been done inside and outside the mine up to a radius of about eight kilometers. The location of the samples was determined by the Latin square method. The Latin Square Method is an almost modern sampling method that is stratified or layered. Their concentration was measured using a German model atomic absorption spectrometer (Jena330). After reading the concentration by the atomic absorption spectrometer, the obtained data were analyzed by Excel and IBM SPSS Statistic 22 software. Also, to show the spatial distribution of pollution of different elements considered in the research, the IDW method was used to prepare the maps using Arc GIS 10.3 software. Also, soil pollution was assessed using the pollution factor (CF), enrichment factor (EF), and land accumulation index (Igeo). This study evaluated six heavy metals in 102 soil samples (Cd, Mn, Cu, Fe, Pb, and Zn) conducted in the Kushk Pb-Zn mine in Bafq. The concentration of the studied heavy metals was in the order of Zn > Pb > Mn > Fe > Cd > Cu and only three elements of cadmium, lead, and zinc were above the alert threshold. The highest amount of elements was present in the southern part of the mine and near the mineral tailings and downstream of the road and sometimes on the road and machine traffic. The results showed the distribution of lead and zinc elements in the margins of the mine, especially in the margins of mineral tailings and downstream of the road. The reasons for this can be considered as the effect of wind and the existence of seasonal waterways in the transfer of these elements due to human activities such as mining and transportation to the mentioned points. Lead and zinc are gallons, so the amount of lead in the soil can indicate the geological origin of the contamination. The concentrations of copper, iron, and manganese for the soil in the study area were below the warning threshold. The results of the pollution indices used (except the Nemro index) indicated that the area was either not polluted or had little pollution. The Nemro index indicated that all elements (except copper) were severely contaminated. The lead was the highest element in all indicators, which can be said to be due to the type of parent rock and the geology of the region. On the other hand, the results of multivariate statistical analysis of heavy metals showed that vehicle and geological activities were the most important sources of zinc, lead, and cadmium contamination. Iron, copper, and manganese were mainly controlled by geological sources and parent materials, and manganese concentrations can be affected by fertilizers and agricultural soils. Due to the fact that the soil of the study area was contaminated with other heavy metals in addition to lead and zinc, so the need for more research in the area to evaluate strategic plans for soil resource management is necessary.

Drought stress is a limiting factor for plant production. In order to minimize the adverse effects of stress, different modifying compounds have been used. In this study, the role of iodine in reducing the effect of drought stress on morphological characteristics of Carthamus tinctorius L. was investigated in laboratory conditions. The experiment was performed as a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with 3 replications. Four levels of drought stress (0, -0/4, -0/8, -1/2, -1/6 MPa ( and three levels of iodine (0, 40, 80 μΜ) were considered as first and second factors, respectively. Results showed that all studied traits significantly (p<0.01) affected by drought stress. With increasing drought stress, germination percentage, germination rate, seed vigor, shoot, and root length, as well as seedling weight, were significantly decreased but the use of iodine leads to improve the adverse effect of drought stress. Overall results indicate that iodine could be considered a possibly beneficial element to diminish the harmful effects of drought stress.

Soil salinity is one of the most important factors affecting plant growth. Haloxylon salicornicum (Moq.) Bunge ex Boiss., as a salt tolerant specie grows in a wide range of desert lands and has a significant impact on wind erosion control. The present study investigated the effects of different soil conditions (soil saline and non-saline-sodic playa -sand), on amino acids and minerals of H. salicornicum. Sampling was done Completely randomized design with three replications. The results showed that in both habitats, serine has the highest contribution to the formation of the content of total amino acids of the H. salicornicum .The content of total amino acid in the two regions was significantly different at 1% level (p <0.01), the highest amounts of total amino acid (414.75 ppM) measured in sandy habitat and lowest amount (268.38 ppM) measured playa habitat. Sparic acid, glutamate, serine, glycine, alanine, tyrosine, valine, methionine in the sandy habitat was more than Playa. While glutamine and threonine in Playa had a higher content. Mineral analysis showed that the highest amount of phosphorus, sodium, chlorine, iron, manganese, zinc and copper in playa and most of nitrogen were in sandy area. Accumulation of ions such as sodium in plant tissues in playa is the most important physiological response of H. salicornicum to the regulation of osmotic potential. The role of osmolites such as Amine acids are considered at a later stage.

Drought stress is one of the important adverse factors that limits plant growth and productivity. Drought stress induces a range of physiological and biochemical responses in plants. Plants also respond and adapt to water deficit at both cellular and molecular levels, for instance through accumulation of osmolytes and proteins specifically involved in stress tolerance. Plants’ responses to water stress are also species and cultivar-dependent characteristics. Foliar application of kaolin has been evaluated for its ability to reduce the negative effects of water stress and to improve the physiology and productivity of Plants. The purpose of this research is to determine the effects of different kaolin concentrations, on the physiological and morphological characteristics of purple basil under deficit irrigation conditions.

In order to investigate of Kaolin on increasing of drought tolerance of Basil, a factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with 3 replications in researcher greenhouses of Yazd university during 2017-18 growing season. The treatments were four levels of deficit irrigation including: I1=25%FC, I2=50%FC, I3=75%FC, I4=100%FC field capacity and three levels of kaolin concentrations consisted of K1=0%, K2=3%, K3=6%. In a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications. After the plants establishment, drought treatments were imposed. After 40 days of applying drought treatments, kaolin was twice sprayed with 7 days interval. The leaves of plants were sampled one week after the last spraying and transferred to the laboratory and the amount of soluble sugars, proline and chlorophyll concentrations were measured. In order to analysis data, analysis two-way ANOVA were used and FLST test compared means after normality test. Statistical analysis was performed using SAS software, and Excel software was used for drawing the charts.

The results showed that the effect of kaolin foliar application and moisture stress was significant on plant height, plant diameter, leaf area, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, root volume, RWC, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, proline and soluble sugar .

Black saxaul (Haloxylon aphyllum) is one of adapted species in desert and saline soils areas and grows in sand dunes and can be used for dune stabilization. Accumulation of metabolites leading to plant osmotic regulation. The relative importance of these substances varies depending on the plant species, habitat and intensity. Therefore, this experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of habitat conditions on photosynthetic pigments, antioxidant activity, amino acids, soluble sugars and ion content of black saxaul, in two areas in Bafgh, Iran under two soil conditions (saline sodic plaiya and non-saline sand dune) using a one way AMOVA with three replications in 2016. The results showed significant differences between two habitats for chlorophyll, carotenoid, anthocyanin, phenol and antioxidant activity (p<0.01). The higher values of these indices were observed in saline sodic plaiya habitat than to sandy habitat. In contrast, for amino acids, as: aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine and glutamine the higher values of 13.27, 13.66, 17.01 and 12.21 μg/g, respectively were obtained in sandy habitat than that that for saline sodic plaiya. For other amino acids, there were no significant differences between the two habitats. The higher values of soluble sugar 26.24 mg g-1 DW was obtained in sandy habitat that was significantly (p <0.01) higher than that for plaiya (13.26 mg g-1 DW). Overall, the results showed that improved the antioxidant activity, increased pigment content and modulated the ions concentration, especially the accumulation of potassium in plant organs play a key role in black saxaul osmotic regulation under salinity stress. The role of other osmolality nutrients such as amino acids and soluble sugars are more important for black saxaul growth in the sandy area with low salinity

One of the reasons for soil salinization is the accumulation of salts in it by transmission through water and wind. In order to investigate the phenomenon of transfer of salts with dust in the arid regions of the north of Yazd- Ardakan plain, field samples were taken using 32 MDCO sediments traps with uniform dispersion in an area of 20,000 hectares at some stage in 4 seasons of 2017. After washing the sediment collector with a liter of distilled water in the field and transferring the samples to the laboratory, for the quantitative analysis of saline dust, similar to measuring the Water Electrical Conductivity (ECw), the Total Soluble Solids (TDS) were additionally measured through evaporation technique. The form and distribution of the dust particle size were additionally investigated using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) tool. Within the qualitative examine of salts, effective cations and anions in salinity including Na+, K+, Ca++, Mg++, C1-, HCO-3 and SO-4 were measured The results confirmed that, in general, the fallout was 11.1 g.m-2 of soluble material with dust particles (13.28%) in the course of only 12 months. Particles with a diameter of 5 to 10 microns were the most frequent. Considering the high correlation between C1- and Na+ in the spring, autumn and winter, due to the high correlation between Ca++ and SO-4 in summer dust, sodium chloride (NaCl) and gypsum (CaSO4) 2H2O)), the most abundant composition of dust- containing salts could be expected in these seasons. By determining the percentage of solutes in the fallout dust, it was observed that the impact of the amount of the deposited salt from dust was slight and insignificant in the short time period; with the assumption of no change in the rate of subsidence, it was anticipated that it would explain the poor salinity in non- saline mass soils for up to 10 cm in 72 years. In general, the capability of airborne salt in increasing the soil salinity in the study area can be in long- term periods. Therefore, it is recommended to investigate other environmental effects of this phenomenon in order to identify its hazards.

Haloxylon salicornicum (Moq.) Bunge ex Boiss is a shrub that grows in large parts of the central regions of Iran. Due to the high adaptability of this species to the severe environmental conditions and its importance in the stabilization of sand dunes, Dust control and medicinal functions recognition of its genetic diversity and the selection of superior genotypes is very important. A set of 12 inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers were used to evaluate genetic variation of 30 genotypes from 3 locations in Yazd province. Out of 12 primers, 4 primers were able to produce 39 reproducible bands that out of which, 32 bands were polymorphic (79.5%) with a mean PIC value of 0.39. The number of alleles in each individual locus varied in the range of 7-15 with the mean of 9.75. Primers ISSR 826 and with 9 alleles and ISSR7 with 7 allels showed the highest and lowest number of loci, respectively. The mean average rate of Nei’s gene diversity (h') and Shannon’s diversity index (I) were 0.451 and 0.643, respectively Using cluster analysis based on UPGMA algorithm and Jaccard's similarity coefficient, the isolates with 45% similarity level were divided into 5 groups. Shanon index, Principal coordinates analysis (PCoA), and analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed significant difference among isolates selected from three regions. Analysis of molecular variance showed that the highest genetic diversity rate (89%) was disturbed between isolates and genetic variety within different isolated was determined as 11%. Based on these results in this work it can be demonstrated a high genetic diversity within the populations will be due to the closely distributed Haloxylon community in these studied regions.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of crop rotation on some soil characteristics at Roknabad in Yazd province. Five kinds of crop rotation [1- Alfalfa- Alfalfa- Alfalfa- Alfalfa, 2- uncultivated (fallow), 3- Wheat-fallow-Wheat-fallow, 4- fallow-Alfalfa- Mix (Alfalfa- Beet) and 5- Wheat - Melon- Turnip] were investigated in three replications. The effect of rotation on some soil properties such as texture, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, nitrogen, organic matter, phosphorus, pH, EC as well as SAR were studied. The results showed that the kind of rotations significantly affected the amounts of calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, nitrogen, organic matter, phosphorus and EC. texture, SAR and pH were not affected by the type of rotation. Results also indicated that (Alfalfa- Alfalfa- Alfalfa- Alfalfa) and (fallow-Alfalfa- Mix (Alfalfa- Beet)) were much more influential on nitrogen, organic matter and soil salinity when compared to other treatments. Overall results indicate that the inclusion of legume plants in rotation can improve soil quality. The results of this research can determine the suitability of common rotations and introduce the best combination planting in the studied region.

The herbicidal properties of some plants species can be exploited successfully as a tool to reduce the herbicide application. Wild plant species, including medicinal herbs, usually contain much higher levels of chemicals compounds than the cultivated crops; therefore in the present study, the effects of drought stress on inhibitory properties of Esfand on purple weed in both laboratory and greenhouse conditions were investigated. Factorial design experiment in a completely randomized design with four replications was used. In laboratory conditions, the factors studied included the concentration of extract in four levels (0, 0.4, 0.8 and 1.2%), irrigation treatment on the mother's base of the plant manufacturer in Esfand was irrigated at two levels (native rootstock and Irrigation was not done) and the type of extracted organ was considered in two levels (shoot and root). In greenhouse conditions, instead of extract of Esfand plant residual (0, 4, 8 and 12 g) in 1000 g of soil was used. The results showed that in both greenhouse and laboratory conditions, with increasing concentrations  and amounts of shoot and root powder, the inhibitory effect was significantly increased on the most traits measured in the purple species (p

Increasing aridity caused by the drought phenomenon in recent years has led to a decrease in the threshold wind speed for removing dust particles from the soil surface of arid areas. The accumulation of salts on the surface of the soil, due to low precipitation and high evaporation, causes disintegration of the aggregates. Salt particles along with the soil particles are removed by wind and they fall over a distance. If the target area is agricultural land, dust containing salt results in the transfer of salt to the affected area, which leads to a decrease in the yield of the crops. In this research, EM38 electromagnetic induction instrument was used in horizontal orientation in order to provide a cheap and fast map for surface soil salinity (0-30 cm) in the area that are sensitive to wind erosion in northern Yazd-Ardakan plain. The ESAP-95 2.35R Software package was also used to determine the number and location of soil samples in order to determine the regression model and to prepare a map of the salinity pattern in the area. With the transfer of EM38 data to the ESAP-RSSD program, the standard number and soil sampling points for 12 sites were identified. Subsequently, a Multiple Linear Regression model (MLR) was developed using ESAP-Calibrate and using Electrical Conductivity data of the saturated extract (ECe), saturation percentage (SP) and percentage of water content (WC). The results showed that the proposed regression model could model the soil surface salinity from EM38 readings with a determination coefficient (R2) of 0.37 and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 80.55. The results of using the ESAP-SaltMapper program for mapping soil surface salinity showed that the southeast of the study area had higher salinity and the possibility of harvesting salt by the wind was much higher. The results also showed that the use of the EM38 device should be made in areas with homogeneous and standardized moisture at field capacity level and ESAP software can be used to map soil salinity.

Total Dissolved Solids (TDS, mg/L) indicates the amount of soluble salts in water or in a solution, and usually calculates by measuring the electrical conductivity (ECdw, μS/cm) and then multiplied by 0.64. This is a general conversion factor (CF) and its amount varies depending on the water-soluble components. In fact, TDS meters determine TDSvalueby measuring of the EC solution and default or user-selected CF. Hence, the precise method is to calculate this coefficient according to the solute type. In this research, to determine precisely the amount of soluble solids along with suspended dust in MDCO sediments traps installed in the northof the Yazd-Ardakan plain. To obtain the TDS calculation coefficient from ECdw resulting from leaching of small amounts of dust, three methods including of an experimental coefficient of 0.64, physical vapor deposition weighing and measuring the concentration of ions affecting chemical salinity were compared. Comparison of mean of the CFs obtained from the three methods showed that the TDS valueof the method of coefficient of 0.64 for determination of TDS from ECdw, was significantly lower than the other two methods. Hence, applying of this method, leads to a low level of solute content with dust in the study area. The average of the TDS conversion factor obtained by the physical and chemical methods without significant differences were 1.03 and 0.90 respectively, compared to 0.64 in the experimental method, that makes it possible to calculate more precisely the TDS from the measured ECdw data that derived from leached dust, and it can be used to adjust the TDS conversion factor in EC and TDS simultaneous measurement devices.

Tecomella undulata (Roxb.) Seem. is an important evergreen plant species from different points of view. This species has important characteristics including resistance to high drought and temperature, sand fixation, medicinal properties, and durable wood. The objective of this study was to investigate the genetic diversity among 30 genotypes of the species collected from Bushehr, Kerman and Hormozgan provinces using molecular data obtained from SSR primers. DNA samples were extracted and used in PCR tests by applying microsatellite primers. After agarose gel electrophoresis of DNA Fragments, a totally 29 alleles were distinguished. In831 primer generated most locus. Results of cluster analysis using the UPGMA algorithm based on the Jaccard similarity coefficient categorized the genotypes into eight groups, indicating a high level of genetic diversity among the genotypes. Furthermore, observed and expected heterozygosity were estimated to be 0.4 and 0.29, respectively. Furthermore, the effective number of alleles ranged between 1.2 in the In831 gene to 1.81 in the Tau16 gene with average values of 1.51. These results showed that SSR markers are highly effective in determining the amount of genetic diversity in the population of T. undulata. The observed high diversity among the genotypes of the species showed a rich source of germplasm which can be used in breeding programs.

Over the past decades, due to increased population and consequent increase in the need for food, we have seen extensive changes in land use, and in particular, the increase of agricultural lands. The aim of this study was to evaluate the changes in land use in the Bartash plain in Dehloran city of Ilam province during 26 years from 1988 to 2014 using the object-oriented approach. To accomplish this research, the necessary corrections were made after the acquisition of Landsat TM (1988), ETM + (2001) and Landsat 8 (2014) satellite images, and then, using the object-oriented method, the land use map was prepared for the three time periods. The results of the evaluation of the accuracy of the produced maps show that the highest accuracy and Kappa coefficient with the values of 90 and 95% correspond to the image of 2001, and the lowest them with the value of 80 and 90% was related to the image of 1988. Total accuracy and Kappa coefficient in the image of 2014 with 90% and 92%, respectively show a good accuracy. The results of land use change trend showed that the land use of the fair rangeland had the most changes with a decrease of more than 21 thousand hectares. Agricultural lands are in the next place, showing an increase of over 15,000 hectares (twofold) that could be due to the increase in population and the availability of adequate water resources in this area. The land use of poor rangelands also shows an increasing trend of 1.5 fold, indicating the degradation of fair rangelands. The saline lands initially show an increasing trend but then show a decreasing trend due to converting to agricultural lands. The overall accuracy (900-90) and kappa coefficient (95-90) indicate the high accuracy of this method in determining the land use.

This study aimed to identify the silvicultural characteristics, geological structure, soil and climatic characteristics, and to form a table for the ecological needs of the Tecomella undulata (Roxb.) Seem.. Six T. undulata habitats in southern Iran were selected following specification of their range of occurrence. The results indicated the distribution of T. undulata in warm and southern Iran, from the coast of Persian Gulf at a height of 10 meters a.s.l in Moqdan (Bushehr) to 1612 meters a.s.l in Esfandaghe (Jiroft). Annual rainfall of the study area is 100 to 200 mm with an average annual temperature of 5 to 50 °C. The habitats had mostly light to moderate and more sandy to loamy sandy soil texture with low water storage capacity. The soil was rich in potassium, yet very poor in nitrogen and organic matter, the average acidity of saturated sand was 7 to 8 and its conductivity was 0.5 mm/m, which predominantly lie on sediments of the Quaternary and Tertiary periods. The average density of T. undulata per ha in the six habitats was 75. In addition, results showed the maximum height of 10.2 m and the mean diameter of 47.35 cm. The mean canopy area was 13.2 m2 (ranging between 1 and 20.5 m2). The flowering stage of T. undulata species usually starts in late march to the middle of May. Furthermore, seed ripening occurs in late June and early May in the habitats associated with the best acorn production (Dasht-e kooch- Jiroft).  Natural propagation of T. undulata is carried out through the seeds and roots sprouts. The results of this study provided useful information about autecology of T. undulata.

Due to the drought in recent years and the need to increase the efficient use of water in agriculture, the abiotic windbreak appears to be more suitable than biotic. In order to investigate the effects of lattice brick patterns in protection of the windbreak on the back, an experimental study was carried out in a wind tunnel. For this purpose, five lattice brick patterns with different densities, with density of 100% for the control in a randomized complete block design with four replications were studied. The results revealed that with increasing porosity in the windbreaks, while reducing wind speed and keeping the area protected; flow lines become parallel and vortex currents are not observed. While with reduced porosity, the wind streamlines the flow and becomes turbulent and reduces protection in the desired area. Also, results showed that the construction of windbreaks with a height less than the height of the protection structures (like a greenhouse), especially in high-density windbreaks, not only protect against winds not retained, but also with the formation of more rapid and vortex flows behind the windbreaks, the damage increases. Thus, attention to create optimum density with the use of appropriate lattice patterns is important in establishing abiotic brick windbreaks.

Drought prediction has been playing important role in the planning management and using of water resources. In this research for drought predicting in 9 rain gauges station the Artificial Neural Network were used. The data used in this research is precipitation and the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), selected stations from 1972 to 2010 sets. The results obtained showed that among the Artificial Neural Networks models, in the most stations the Multi Layer Perceptron (MLP) has been able to predicting of SPI values with high correlation. Among the using stations, the Koohpayeh station showed the best action with correlation of r= 0.96 and RMSE= 0.04 and Ziyar station showed correlation of r= 0.86 and RMSE= 0.087, the lower performance than the other stations are shown.