فهرست مطالب مهدیه عسکری

Environmental stress is one of the main factors limiting the growth and production of crops in the world. In general, water is one of the most effective factors on a Total Dry Matter (TDM) and water stress on plants can reduce the Crop Growth Rate(CGR), Relative Growth Rate(RGR), Leaf Area Index(LAI) and Total Dry Matter(TDM). One of the most accurate ways to study the responses of plants to environmental condition is evaluation of growth indices. Sanchez-Rodrigo et al (2010) reported that in water stress condition that reduced moisture for plants, manure might help plants to maintain their moisture content, provide water for plant and is effective in reducing the negative effects of water stress. Due to the water stress influences on plant growth, measurement of TDM of medicinal herbs like thyme is of vital importance to evaluate the effect of water stress on plans. The quality of medicinal plants is largely determined by the relevant natural compounds (secondary metabolites) and the quantity and quality of these compounds are determined by environmental factors such as water availability. In general, water reduction in plant tissues reduces the growth of different parts of the plant like the roots and aerial organs of the plant. In this regard, Sharafzadeh and Zare (2011) reported that drought stress reduces dry weight and height of Thymus vulgaris. Given that the large parts of Iran’s lands are situated in the arid and semi-arid regions. Therefore evaluating the effect of drought stress on qualitative and quantitative changes in medicinal plant species of thyme is important.This study aimed at examining the effects of water stress and manure on some the growth indices and TDM of Thymus daenensis and Thymus vulgaris

In order to evaluate the effect of water stress and manure on some of the growth indices and accumulation of total dry matter of Thymus daenensis and Thymus vulgaris an experiment was conducted as factorial based on a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications in the Agriculture research field of the University of Birjand, located at latitude 53º: 32N, longitude 13:55ºE and altitude 1480 m above sea level in 2015. Experimental factors were including water stress (100%, 67% and 33% of field capacity), two species of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L. and Thymus daenensis celak) and manure at two levels (30tons.ha-1 and No manure).

The results showed that water stress reduced traits such as LAI, CGR, NAR, SLA, LWR and TDM and only non-significant effect on RGR. In all traits the highest and lowest amount obtained from 100% FC (normal condition) and 33% FC (The highest level of water stress) respectively. The higher LAI, CGR, RGR, NAR, and SLA in the normal condition (100% FC) might be due to better availability to water and food and the result of efforts to expand the plant canopy. TDM decreased 26.56 percent with increasing stress from 100 to 33% field capacity. Manure treatment had a positive impact on growth indices and the highest the and lowest amount of growth indices and TDM obtained from of 30ton.ha-1 manure. So the application of manure to the soil in water shortage conditions is recommended to achieve the highest TDM.

In the current study, the highest TDM obtained from 30 ton ha-1 manure that having a significant difference with the situation where no manure. The TDM and growth indices increased after the soil physical properties were modified and nutrient available for thyme in the manure treatment. In between the two species, Thymus daenensis showed the highest growth indices (With the exception of LWR) compared to the Thymus vulgaris. Therefore, we can say that Thymus daenensis can introduce superior species when exposed to water stress.

This study was conducted to determine the effect of drought stress on yield and some physiological characteristics of wheat cultivars. Six cultivars were grown under normal and drought stress in greenhouses and field conditions. Leaf samples were taken for physiological measurement including relative water content, transpiration rate, membrane stability, chlorophyll content and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and stomatal frequency and length. Grain yield was determined for plants grown under field condition. Results showed that treatments have a significant impact on plant traits. Drought stress decreased leaf chlorophyll content and photochemical efficiency of PSII due to increasing F0 and decreasing Fm and increased ion leakage. Drought stress also decreased grain yield and the highest yield was obtained in plots with normal condition. Cultivars Alvand and Chamran showed the highest level of photochemical efficiency of PSII, membrane stability and grain yield under drought stress and were considered as the more tolerant cultivars to drought stress than other cultivars under conditions of this investigation.

One of the negative effects of drought stress, reducing availability and absorption of nutrients for the plant(omidi, 2012). Manure increase soil fertility and improves the growth and yield(Fallah et al., 2007). This study conducted to evaluate some morphological and physiological characteristics of two species of thyme plant under drought stress and manure.
Experiment was at the field of the Faculty of Agronomy of the University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran with located at latitude 53º: 32N, longitude 13:55ºE and altitude 1480 m above sea level in 2015.In order to evaluate the effects of different levels of drought stress and manure on Thymus vulgaris and Thymus danensis, an experiment was conducted as factorial based on a RCBD with 3 replications in 2015.Treatments were combination of three water stress levels 100% FC, 67% FC and 33% FC, manure at two levels: the no manure and consume 30 t.ha-1, and two species of Thymus vulgaris and Thymus daenensis.
Measurements of Leaf pigments (Chlorophyll a and b, Carotenoid and concentrations): 0.1g samples were taken from the collected leaves. Subsequently each sample was extracted by 80% acetone and put in the centrifuges with rotation speed of 6000 per minute for 10 minute. Absorbance using a spectrophotometer at wavelengths of 470, 647, 663 nm was measured. Pigments were determined according to Lichthenthaler (1987).
Measurements of Anthocyanin: 0.1g samples were taken from the collected leaves Subsequently each sample was extracted by methanol and put in the test tube in dark place for 24 hours then put in the centrifuges with rotation speed of 4000 per minute for 10 minute. Absorbance using a spectrophotometer at wavelengths of 550 nm was measured. Pigments were determined according to Wanger(1979).
Measurements of Yield and yield components: For this purpose, three plants were harvested from crop lines. After drying the samples in an oven at 72 ° C for 48 hours the dry weight of stem, leaf, flower and total dry weight of each sample was measured.
Statistical analyses were carried out by ANOVA, with a multiple range test (LSD) for subsequent pairwise comparisons. Data were analyzed using of SAS to compare the difference between the treatments.
Leaf pigments: The highest Ch a, b obtained from of Thymus danensis. Carotenoid content increased under drought stress. The highest and lowest Carotenoid content obtained from of 33% Fc(The highest level of drought) and 100% Fc(normal condition) respectively. Among species, Thymus vulgaris showed the highest and Thymus danensis showed lowest Carotenoid content respectively. Manure while reducing the effects of drought stress and Cha, b increased under 30ton.ha-1 manure but manure reduced the amount of carotenoids.
Anthocyanin: Anthocyanin content was increased under drought stress levels. The highest and lowest Anthocyanin contents were obtained from of 33% Fc(The highest level of drought) and 100% Fc(normal condition) respectively. Among species, Thymus vulgaris showed the highest and Thymus danensis showed lowest Carotenoid content respectively. Also the highest and lowest Anthocyanin content obtained from of no manure and 30ton.ha-1 manure respectively.
Leaf and shoot dry weight: Leaf and shoot dry weight decreased under drought stress. The highest and lowest Leaf and shoot dry weight obtained from of 100% Fc(normal condition) and 33% Fc(The highest level of drought) respectively. Thymus danensis showed the highest and Thymus vulgaris showed lowest Leaf and shoot dry weight respectively. Among manure treatment, 30ton.ha-1 manure showed the highest Leaf and shoot dry weight.
Leaf dry weight to shoot: The highest and lowest Leaf dry weight to shoot obtained from of 100% Fc(normal condition) and 33% Fc(The highest level of drought) respectively. Leaf dry weight to shoot increased drought 30ton.ha-1 manure and the highest Leaf dry weight to shoot obtained from of 30ton.ha-1 manure.
Flower dry weight: The highest and lowest Flower dry weight obtained from of 100%Fc and Thymus danensis and 33%Fc and Thymus vulgaris respectively. Manure reduced the effects of drought stress and the highest and lowest Flower dry weight obtained from of Thymus danensis and 30ton.ha-1 manure and Thymus vulgaris and no manure respectively.
Total Dry Matter: The highest and lowest total dry Matter obtained from of 100%Fc and Thymus danensis and 33%Fc and Thymus vulgaris respectively. Interaction of manure in species showed that the highest and lowest total dry matter obtained from of Thymus danensis and 30ton.ha-1 manure and Thymus vulgaris and no manure respectively.
The main goal of this study was the selection of species that contain higher yield. Where in this study the Thymus vulgaris demonstrate the highest pigment and the highest yield compared to the Thymus vulgaris Therefore, According to these results we can say Thymus daenensis can grow successfully in arid and semi-arid. Also application of manure on food and water resource management and drought stress conditions in order to achieve the desired yield is recommended.

This research was aimed to evaluate the effects of drought and manure on some physiological characteristics and yield of Thymus vulgaris L. and Thymus daenensis Celak.The study was conducted as factorial based on a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications during crop years of 2015 and 2016 at the agriculture research farm of University of Birjand, Iran. Experimental factors were including: water stress at three levels (100%, 67% and 33% of field capacity), manure at two levels (30 tons.ha-1 and no manure), and two thyme species (Thymus vulgaris L. and Thymus daenensis Celak). Water stress reduced stomatal conductance, relative water content (RWC), Chl a, b and quantitative and qualitative yield; however, carotenoids content was increased under water stress. Although the quantity and quality yield of the study species decreased under water stress condition, manure application at 30 tons per ha led to the increased quantity and quality yield of both species. Thymus daenensis had more relative water content and quantity and quality yield (oil) in both crop years as compared with T. vulgaris. According to the results, T. daenensis can grow successfully in arid and semi-arid regions and could be recommended. There was a significant difference between two crop years; in the 2nd year, the quantity and quality yield (essential oil yield) of both study species increased.

In order to evaluate the effects of salt stress on membrane stability, chlorophyll a and b, carotenoids, yield components and grain yield of seven maize hybrids (Ksc700, Ksc500, KSc704, Ksc301, Ksc647) (Iranian hybrids) and Ksc404 and maxima (foreign hybrids), a test was conducted in research field of faculty of agriculture in Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Iran in 2011 using plot splits in the form of complete random block with three replications. The main plots included four salinity water of irrigation water with electrical conductivity of four, six, eight and 10 dS/m, respectively, and subplots, including the mentioned hybrids. According to the results, increase of salinity level led to decrease of all evaluated traits, with exception of carotenoids, in a way that the highest level of measured traits were obtained from the lowest salinity level. Calculation of correlation coefficients between the traits demonstrated a positive and significant correlation between grain yield and membrane stability in 120 minutes (r=0.61**) and grain yield and the 1000-grain weight (r=0.93**). In this research, the minimum and maximum amount of grain yield were estimated as 10610 and 5750 kg/ha, respectively, in salinity level of 4 and 10 Ds/m. Moreover, among the hybrids, the Ksc704 hybrid had the highest level of membrane stability and grain yield in the evaluation condition, and was introduced as the salt tolerant hybrid for culture in such conditions.
This experiment was done in experimental field of the Faculty of Agronomy of the University of Shahid Bahounar Kerman, Iran, located in latitude 30ºN, longitude 57ºE and altitude 1754 m above sea level in 2012. The experiment was carried in split plot in the Complete Block design with three replications. The main plots were four salinity levels (4, 6, 8 and dS10) where in the subplots seven maize hybrids included Ksc700, Ksc500, Ksc404, Ksc704, Ksc647, Ksc301 and Maxima that were prepared from Kerman Research Center. Excel software was used for mean comparisons using a multiple range test (LSD) test that was performed at the 5% level.
Measuring the stability of the membrane: From each experimental unit a plant is randomly selected, a leaf in the same position is separated and washed thoroughly with distilled water and dried by drying paper, so the circular pieces of paper is cut by punch and immediately were recorded and kept on lidded tube containing 5 ml of distilled water. Conductivity meter machine was adjusted for two hours to record and store every 3 minutes the electrical conductivity of the solution. The gained measurements were analyzed and regressed in the relevant time period. Given that in most cases a second degree between the data is fitted , the slope of the acquired line in the first 15 minutes is estimated while a linear function on the data and in each case were considered as an indicator of the stability of the membrane and hence the predicted values of electrical conductivity by graphs were counted according to equation 1 for the three times of 60, 15 and 120 minutes; consequently the obtained numbers for these three times were used according to the factorial model in a completely randomized design on the analysis of variance. It is assumed that an increase in the electrical conductivity of the solution was in contact with the leaf samples from leaking continuously ions in the solution and the rate of leakage reflects the stability of the membrane at the exit of ions.
Measurements of Leaf pigments (Chlorophyll and carotenoid concentrations): Chlorophyll (Chl a, b) and carotenoid content of the youngest fully expanded leaves was estimated at midday. Samples of 0.5g were taken from the collected leaves. Subsequently, 0.25g of each sample was extracted by 80% acetone and put in the freezer at −5◦C for 24h. For each replicate (plant), chlorophyll content was the result of the average of 5 measurements on the same leaf.
Mean comparison showed salt stress has significant effects on ion leakage at three times and includes 15, 60 and 120 minutes after samples were in water. Results showed that ion leakage content increased in salt stress and with the passage of time, therefore, membrane stability decreased. The highest and lowest membrane stability were minimum of 15 minutes and maximum of 120 minutes. At the highest time, membrane stability decreased in salt stress compared to the control. At 120th minute, the highest and the lowest membrane stability monitored from Ksc704 and Maxima hybrids respectively. The highest Chl a, b obtained from of Ksc647 hybrid. Carotenoid content increased under salt stress. The highest and lowest carotenoid content obtained under salt stress and normal condition respectively. Among hybrids, Ksc700 hybrid showed the highest and Maxima showed lowest (unless were no significant differences with Ksc404, Ksc500, Ksc704, Ksc301) carotenoid content respectively. Analysis of variance showed a significant difference between hybrids about total dry weight. The highest and lowest dry weight obtained under normal condition and salt stress respectively. Among hybrids, Ksc647 hybrid and Ksc700 hybrid showed the highest and the lowest total dry weight respectively. So hybrids have higher levels of this trait can be introduced as hybrids with higher yield in saline conditions. The highest and lowest grain weight obtained from normal condition and salt stress respectively. Among hybrids, Ksc301 hybrid and Ksc700 hybrid showed the highest and the lowest grain weight respectively. The highest and lowest grain yield obtained from normal condition and salt stress respectively. Among hybrids, Ksc704 hybrid and Maxima hybrid showed the highest and the lowest grain yield respectively.
The main goal of this study was selection of resistant hybrid that contain higher grain yield. Where in this study the Ksc704 hybrid demonstrate the highest membrane stability, photosynthetic pigment and the highest yield among the displayed hybrids to be introduced as resistant hybrid with respect to other tested hybrids.

Self-esteem is of key topics in the life of the human beings and has direct impact on his success and defeats. This case is proposed as a target in the Islamic educational system in order to lead them in the way of health. The purpose of this article is recognition of the keys to achieve the Self-esteem. This article in descriptive- analytical method and in the Quran-narrative view is going to showthe ways of Self-esteem¡ and the most importantof them are: Trust in God¡ resorting to Quran and …. In the end this article describes the educational functions of self-esteem and its impacts on the emergence of self-esteem and providing mental health.

Salt stress is a factor limiting crop growth and productivity around the world. Developing salt tolerant cultivars using desired plant features has been considered as a way to cope with the problem. In this study، a factorial experiment was used in order to determine the effects of salt stress on stomatal length at abaxial and adaxial leaf surfaces، relative water content (RWC) and transpiration rate (TR) under controlled condition. In another experiment yield performance (GY) of the same hybrids was evaluated in a split-plot experiment under field growing condition. Both experiments were based on a RCBD with 3 replications and conducted at the Faculty of Agriculture، Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman in 2011. Results showed that salt stress and hybrid have significant effects on all plant characteristics. Generally، all plant characteristics were decreased by increasing salt stress level. Significant correlation coefficients were found between TR and GY and also RWC and GY. Results also showed that the hybrid SC-704 has the highest levels of RWC and GY under salt stress conditions compared to the others indicating that it can be considered as a salt tolerant one.

A great part of lands under corn cultivation are affected by different levels of salt stress. This study was conducted in order to determine the effect of different levels of salt stress on yield and some physiological characteristics of corn plants. Two experiments were carried out in greenhouse (a factorial based on randomized complete blocks design with 3 replications), and field (a split plot based on randomized complete blocks design with 3 replications) at College of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University, Kerman, Iran. Treatments included 4 levels of irrigation water salinity (2, 4, 6 and 8 dS/m) and seven corn hybrids (SC-700, SC-500, SC-404, SC-704, SC-647, SC-301 and Maxima). During the growing period, leaf samples were taken from greenhouse-grown plants and their physiological characteristics such as chlorophyll fluorescence and ion leakage were measured. Grain yield was determined in the field plots. Results revealed that salt stress decreases chlorophyll index and photochemical efficiency of PSII of leaf tissues due to increasing original fluorescence (FO) and decreasing maximum fluorescence (Fm). Meanwhile, increasing the salt stress increased ion leakage. Results also showed that high salinity decreased the grain yield. The highest grain yield was obtained in plots with the lowest salinity level. Correlation coefficients showed that Fo and Fm parameters dont have significant correlation with salinity. While, Fv/Fm index had a positive relationship with salinity tolerance. The highest chlorophyll index, photochemical efficiency of PSII, membrane stability and grain yield was obtained for SC-704 hybrid. Therefore, it was the most tolerant hybrid and was recommended as a resistant cultivar against salinity stress.