فهرست مطالب میثم محمدی

Grasses are narrow-leaved plants that are used as cover plants in landscape. These plants are one of the basic and necessary components of the green cover of most gardens, parks and as the background color of landscape. In Iran, due to the high costs of planting and management of grass, high water requirements, climatic incompatibility and damage to water and soil salinity, it is recommended to remove from the green space in some cities, especially in areas with low water and water and soil saline. If it is possible to benefit from the role and influence of these plants by observing the technical points and choosing the best species for each area. Salinity stress is the second limiting factor for the growth of plants in the world after drought, which affects the efficiency and performance of plants. Increase in salinity causes a decrease in the water potential in the soil. In this condition, the plant spends most of its energy to maintain the water potential, cell mass, and water absorption to have minimal growth. The aim of this research is the effect of external application of glycine betaine on the accumulation of osmolality compounds and the antioxidant system of sports grass under salt stress.

 This research was carried out in 2022 in pots in the research greenhouse of Ilam University as a factorial  based on a completely random design with three replications. Experimental treatments included three salinity levels with sodium chloride salt (without salinity, 50 and 100 mM sodium chloride) and three levels of glycine betaine foliar spraying (0, 5 and 10 mM). Glycine betaine application was performed after mowing twice with a distance of 48h from each other, and then salinity with sodium chloride salts was applied. 4 weeks after application of salinity stress, some morphological and biochemical characteristics of plants were  measured. The results were analysed using SAS software (v.9.2), and Tukey's test was used to compare the means at the 5% probability level.

The results showed that salinity stress decreased all the study morphological, physiological and biochemical parameters including plant height, shoot fresh and dry weight, number of tiller, leaf area, chlorophyll content, protein and total antioxidant capacity in the studied plants. It also increased peroxidase enzyme, H2O2 and proline in plants, but glycine betaine application significantly improved the morpho-physiological characteristics of plants compared to the control under salt stress conditions. Thus, the highest height, shoot fresh and dry weight, leaf area, number of tiller, chlorophyll content, and protein and antioxidant capacity were observed in plants sprayed with glycine betaine. Also, the highest content of glycine betaine and activity of catalase and peroxidase enzymes and the lowest content of glycine betaine and H2O2 were observed in in plants sprayed with glycine betaine and 10 mM glycine betaine was more effective than 5 mM. The occurrence of salinity in plants disrupts the absorption of ions and causes the reduction of nutrients and increases sodium ions. One of the effects of salinity in plants is the reduction of photosynthetic activity, which results in the reduction of chlorophyll, carbon dioxide absorption, photosynthetic capacity, plant height, shoot fresh and dry weight, number of tiller and leaf area. One of the most strategies to deal with stress is accumulation of osmolyte and increasing the antioxidant activity, which makes plants resistant to environmental stresses. Salinity, through the toxic effect of Na+ and Cl- ions, affects the growth and performance of the plant by reducing the soil water potential, disrupting water absorption and imbalance of nutrients in the plant. The results obtained from comparing the average results of glycine betaine show that glycine betaine increased plant height, shoot fresh and dry weight, number of tiller, leaf area, chlorophyll content, total protein and antioxidant capacity, but on the other hand, it increased proline and H2O2 decreased, which is due to the accumulation of glycine betaine as a protector in plants under salt stress conditions. In stress conditions, glycine betaine can protect photosynthetic activities including photosynthetic enzymes, proteins and lipids in thylakoid membranes in the combination of photosystem II, and also the task of protecting cell membranes against osmotic stresses in the plant.

The results obtained from this research showed that salinity stress reduced all the morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics in the sport grass plants, but glycine betaine application played a positive role in reducing salinity damage and maintaining plant quality. Glycine betaine is known as one of the effective molecules in stress signaling, so it can protect the plant cells against stress by reducing the destruction of the membrane and by increasing the salt tolerance mechanisms. Also, glycine betaine 10 mM is introduced as the best treatment to reduce salinity damage in sport grass during present study.

Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) belongs to the Cucurbitaceae family. All plants of this family are sensitive to chilling and their planting is done in the warm season. Plants that are always in a wide range of abiotic stresses that have adverse effects on the survival, growth, quality and quantity of agricultural products. In most plants, chilling stress occurs below 10 to 15 °C, and the cucurbitaceae family, including watermelon, shows chilling symptoms at temperatures below 10 °C. Watermelon is one of the most popular tropical products of this family, and the late spring chilling in temperate and cold regions always threatens its seedlings with chilling. γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a non-protein amino acid that can reduce stress in various plants. Therefore, in present research, the effect of GABA treatments as seed priming and foliar spraying was studied on reducing the amount of chilling index and maintaining the quality of watermelon seedlings under cold stress.

The present study was designed and implemented in the research greenhouse of Ilam University in 2018 as a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with three repetitions and each repetition including five pots. The first factor included 0, 5 and 10 mM GABA and the second factor was the application method of GABA treatments including seed priming and foliar spraying. The seed priming treatment was applied before planting and the foliar spraying treatment was applied at the seedlings to the stage of four true leaves. At 48 h after foliar spraying, all the seedlings were subjected to cold stress at a temperature of 3 °C for 6 days by 6 h at night. They were placed inside the incubator at night (24:00 to 06:00). 48 h after the end of the cold stress, the seedlings were examined for different traits. The studied traits included chilling index, relative water content, fresh and dry weight of shoot and root, total chlorophyll and carotenoid, malondialdehyde, proline, ion leakage and activity of ascorbate peroxidase and catalase enzymes.

The results showed that the exogenous application of GABA effectively reduced the complications and chilling index, the amount of ion leakage, malondialdehyde and proline in watermelon seedlings, and the RWC, fresh and dry weight of the shoots and roots, total chlorophyll, carotenoids. Also, GABA increased the activity of ascorbate peroxidase and catalase enzymes in watermelon seedlings. This was despite the fact that foliar spraying treatments are more effective than the use of seed priming treatments. Also, in both application methods, the effect of GABA 10 mM in reducing chilling capital and biochemical changes of watermelon seedlings was more than 5 mM. Probably, the exogenous application of GABA has moderated the increase in cell osmolality with the intensity of cold stress by strengthening the antioxidant system and thus reduced the amount of chilling in watermelon seedlings. GABA has been reported as an osmolyte compatible with osmotic stress. As a result, the accumulation of this osmolyte compound in plant cells is used to maintain cell turgor and also to protect the cell membrane, nutrition and metabolism of the plant by preventing the loss of cell water.

The present study showed that keeping watermelon seedlings under cold stress causes symptoms of chilling and reducing the quality of the seedlings, but the exogenous application of GABA moderated the chilling and improved the quality of the seedlings compared to the control samples. In this study, the foliar application of GABA was more effective than seed priming and 10 mM concentration maintained the quality of seedlings better than 5 mM in both application methods. Therefore, based on the present results, the use of GABA 10 mM is recommended as a practical solution to prevent damage in "Orangeglo" watermelon seedlings under cold stress.

Satureja khuzistanica is native to Iran, which is used as a vegetable, spice, decoction, and painkiller and disinfectant in traditional medicine, food and pharmaceutical industries, and has antifungal, antimicrobial, and antibacterial properties. This plant has pain-relieving, anti-diabetic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory characteristics, and reduces blood fat and triglycerides. Biochar, called black gold in agriculture, is a carbon-rich organic substance, which is obtained by pyrolyzing biomass or plant residues in the presence or absence of oxygen at 300-1000 ˚C. The material can affect soil physico-chemical characteristics, leading to a change in its biological characteristics and better fertility, and consequently, more plant yield. In addition, biochar results in absorbing and retaining nutrients, raising water holding capacity, increasing cation exchange capacity, improving soil structure, and subsequently providing mineral nutrients (P, Mg2+, Ca2+ and K+) for plants.           

To investigate the impact of pomegranate biochar on the germination, biochemical and growth indices of khuzistanica, an experiment was conducted in the Ecophysiology Laboratory of Medicinal Plants, Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute of Shahid Beheshti University of Tehran during 2022. To prepare biochar, the required amount of pomegranate wood (Punica granatum) was collected from the pomegranate orchards located in Saveh region, and then dried, packed in aluminum sheets, and placed in a furnace at 450 ˚C for four h to perform the pyrolysis process. The experiment was conducted based on completely randomized design with three replications. In this study, the effects of biochar treatment at four different levels including 0 (control), 1, 2 and 3 % (w/w) on germination indices, growth indices, leaf relative water content, chlorophyll content and activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase enzymes were investigated.

Results showed that the effect of pomegranate biochar on germination percentage, germination speed, mean germination time, seed vigour index, shoot and root length, fresh and dry weight of shoot and root, leaf relative water content and chlorophyll a and b content was significant at 1 % probability level, but the effect on activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase enzymes was not significant. Based on results, a significant improvement was observed in germination percentage, germination speed, and mean germination time and growth indices with the application of biochar 2 %. The mean comparing results showed that the levels of 1, 2, and 3 % of pomegranate biochar increased the germination percentage. In this study, the lowest (61 %) and highest (88 %) germination percentages were observed in control and biochar 2 %, respectively. Also, the highest germination speed was recorded under application of biochar 2 % (with an average rate of 11.66 seed d-1). The lowest germination speed was observed in control (with an average rate of 6.66 seed d-1). Increasing the level of pomegranate biochar to 2 % decreased the duration of germination, so that the longest germination duration (5.86 d) was for the control and the shortest duration (4.33 d) was for biochar 2 %. The highest germination index (2024.67) was observed in seeds sown in culture trays filled with soil mixed with 2 % pomegranate biochar, and the lowest value (777.13) was observed in the control. The highest length (23 cm), fresh weight (1.05 g) and dry weight (0.124 g) of the shoots were observed in the treatment of 2 % pomegranate biochar, and the lowest values were recorded in control. In the present study, increasing the level of pomegranate biochar up to 2 % increased the root length, but increasing the level of pomegranate biochar up to 3 % decreased root length. The maximum amount of length (7.6 cm), fresh weight (0.31 g) and dry weight (0.034 g) of the root was obtained under the application of 2 % pomegranate biochar, which had a significant increase compared to the control. By increasing the use of pomegranate biochar, the leaf relative water content increased, so that the highest relative water content (80.33 %) was observed with the use of biochar 3 %. The highest levels of chlorophyll a (2.91 mg g-1 FW) and b (0.95 mg g-1 FW) were obtained with the application of biochar 2 %, and the lowest values were for the control.

In conclusion, the use of biochar as an organic fertilizer in the production of khuzistanica medicinal plant, in addition to having a positive effect on the seed germination indices, can lead to improving growth rate and producing stronger seedlings.

In favor of peace, Islam not only opposes to war, but also attaches great importance to social relations. Jurisprudence is the law of life and is responsible for regulating human relations according to Sharia; therefore, it has also dealt with the detailed issues of human life. Islam’s attention to human dignity, respect for the rights of others, dialogue and mutual respect, justice and warnings not to insult and not to deviate from the path of truth - even in dealing with infidels who live peacefully with Muslims - Prohibition of the controversy even with Ahl al-Kitab, resolving disputes peacefully and refraining from raising divisive voices, interaction, emphasizing honesty, etc... Rules such as the principle of correctness, justice, fairness, piety, peace, harmlessness, respect for property, etc. are among the practical rules in social relations. Observance of some Dos and Don’ts in a Muslim’s relationship with others is something that has always been considered by great Muslim and non-Muslim historians and will be the cause of the supremacy and universality of Islam and its harmony and ability to apply and generalize its rules and regulations to the requirements of time and place. This basic and general criterion in the teachings of Islam and the sayings of religious leaders, That “Love for others whatever you love for yourself and dislike for others what you dislike for yourself” is the starting point of peaceful social relations. This research has been done through a descriptive-analytical method.

Button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus L.) is considered as valuable source of nutrients and a crop with medicinal characteristics due to its high amounts of vitamins, protein and bio-active compounds. The lack of cuticle layer in button mushroom has made it sensitive to microbial agents and browning disorder. Due to high sensitivity rate of button mushroom to microbial corruption, different methods such as coating, modified atmosphere packaging and treatment with anti-microbial solutions are used to reduce corruption speed and post-harvest wastes. The essential oils of medicinal plants are part of plant secondary metabolites which have anti-microbial, anti-cancer and antioxidant characteristics and can eliminate reactive oxygen species in plant cells and tissues. The positive roles of essential oils of medicinal plants in increasing the maintainability of different crops such as apple, banana and button mushroom during cold storage have been proven in various studies. According to reports using essential oil of some medicinal plants such as Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Mentha pulegium and Zataria multifloraat post-harvest stage can extend crops shelf-life and maintain their qualitative indices. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the influence of using the essential oil of some medicinal plants in packaging containers on some of most important post-harvest characteristics of button mushroom.

The current study was carried out at Ilam University during 2022-2023. In this research, the influence of essential oil of some medicinal plants including Thymus spicata, Mentha piperita and Satureja bachtiarica at different concentrations (0, 500 and 1000 ppm) on some qualitative indices of button mushroom such as tissue firmness, cap opening rate, radical scavenging activity, organoleptic properties and antioxidant enzymes activity was investigated during cold storage at 4 °C. The post-harvest characteristics were evaluated at three different storage durations including 0, 4 and 8 d after harvesting.

According to obtained results, the weight loss increased and tissue firmness, total soluble solid content and total acidity decreased with increasing storage duration. All treatments could significantly reduce weight loss and maintain tissue firmness, total soluble solid content and total acidity of mushrooms except T. spicata treatment at 1000 ppm concentration. The recorded data on 8 d, showed that the highest H2O2 content and the lowest radical scavenging activity was related to T. spicata treatment and control while the mushrooms treated with S. bachtiarica at 1000 ppm concentration had the lowest H2O2 content and the highest radical scavenging activity. Results demonstrated that cap opening remarkably decreased and tissue firmness and marketability of mushrooms maintained by using essential oils of S. bachtiarica at two concentrations of 500 and 1000 ppm and M. piperita at concentration of 500 ppm. Results of organoleptic test indicated that using essential oil of S. bachtiarica and M. piperitaat concentration of 500 ppm led to enhance marketability and acceptability of mushrooms as well as improved their taste and odor. The lowest evaluated acceptability rate by panel members was related to mushrooms treated with essential oil of T. spicata and M. piperita due to change in their taste and appearance of brown spots. In this study, maintaining qualitative characteristics of button mushroom induced by treatment with essential oil of medicinal plants could be related to two main factors included anti-microbial and antioxidant characteristics of essential oils. Based on several reports, anti-microbial properties of essential oil and extract of medicinal plants can cause lower respiration rate and water loss in treated crops during storage. Also, the reduced amounts and activity rate of reactive oxygen species was observed in different horticultural crops treated with essential oils during post-harvest stage. In the current study, increasing catalase and peroxidase enzymes activity, maintaining total phenol and water content and decreasing polyphenol oxidase enzyme activity could be considered as main reasons for extending shelf-life of mushrooms treated with essential oil of S. bachtiarica and M. piperita.

Based on obtained results of the present study, using essential oil of S. bachtiarica as natural and low-risk compound for maintaining the quality and extending shelf-life of button mushroom during storage at 4 °C is recommendable.

Contract modification has a special place in Iranian law and lawyers and jurists have discussed it in their discussions. Adjustment in its various types, such as contractual adjustment, legal adjustment and judicial adjustment, are the way forward for many contracts and agreements. The adjustment of the contract is made in order to make the contract fair and provide social benefits and support the injured person. In the field of jurisprudence and legal foundations of contract modification, the most important ones are: the rule of non-harm, the rule of difficulty and hardship, the theory of theft of an accident and the theory of an implied condition. And they have reason. Basically, the discussion of adjusting the contract is meaningful when the balance between the obligations of the opposite party is disturbed. It is natural that it is very unlikely to imagine such a situation in a contract where there is no gap between the conclusion and the completion of its effect, or a short time gap, while continuous contracts are always pregnant with facing events that can disturb the balance of the obligations of the parties. Research in the field of contract modification can create a suitable platform for lawyers to theorize and create a suitable rule or rules for contract modification. Also, it helps the judge to adjust the contracts with the help of the above-mentioned rule and theory, considering the silence and legal and contractual void, as well as examining the types of contractual adjusting conditions and the degree of influence and correctness of each of them in Iranian law. It is important for the people to set up long-term contracts correctly and accurately, as well as being comparative, examining the foundations of jurisprudence from the point of view of Islamic Denominations and the evidences that exist in the field of adjusting contracts are new and innovative aspects of research.

Satureja khuzistanica is a native plant of Iran, which is used as a vegetable, spice, decoction, painkiller and disinfectant in traditional medicine, food and pharmaceutical industries, and has antifungal, antimicrobial and antibacterial properties. It is pain-relieving, anti-diabetic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, reduces blood fat and triglycerides. One of the problems of mass production of plants through seeds and seed production industries is the low germination percentage of wild plant seeds due to the lack of ecological compatibility with domestic environment conditions. The quality of light is one of the most important environmental factors for the growth and development of plants, so the use of different light spectrums is one of the stimulating methods to increase the indicators of seed germination of different plants and their seedling growth.

In order to investigate the effects of light quality on the germination indices and biochemical characteristics of S. khuzistanica, an experiment was conducted in the form of a completely randomized design in three replications in 2022, in the Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute of Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran. The experimental treatments included the combination of light at four levels (red light, 30% blue + 70% red, blue, fluorescent). S. khuzistanica seeds were obtained from the collection of medicinal plants of Shahid Beheshti University's Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute and were washed for 30 seconds with a five percent sodium hypochlorite solution and then washed four times with sterile distilled water and 40 seeds were selected in each petri dish and in four Rows are arranged randomly. Germination indices (germination percentage and speed), growth indices (shoot and root length, shoot and root dry weight) and biochemical characteristics (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoid, total phenol, peroxidase, and super oxidase dismutase and catalase enzyme activity) were evaluated.

The highest percentage of germination (84.33%) and germination speed (45.87%) were achieved with the use of red light. Also, the highest length of radicle (3.53 cm), the highest dry weight of radicle (0.51 mg/seedling) and the dry weight of plumule (0.45 mg/seedling) in the treatment of 30% blue + 70% red and the highest length of plumule (1.68 cm) were obtained in the red treatment, respectively. The highest chlorophyll a (0.58 mg.g-1 FW) and chlorophyll b (0.49 mg.g-1 FW) were observed in red light treatment and the highest carotenoid content (0.48 mg.g-1 FW) was observed in blue light treatment. With the use of blue light, the activity of catalase and peroxidase enzymes increased and the activity of superoxide dismutase decreased.

The results of this research showed that the germination indices, growth and biochemical characteristics of S. khuzistanica seedlings were affected by different light spectrums. In general, the results indicated the possibility of improving the germination indices, growth and biochemical characteristics of S. khuzistanica seedlings using a combination of blue and red lights compared to fluorescent light.

Insulting the sanctities of religions and denominations under the guise of freedom of speech is a threat to the peace and security of the world, and according to some documents of the International Charter of Human Rights, it is prohibited and is an example of violation of human rights; However, the Western countries have a dual policy about this issue. France, which considers itself the cradle of freedom and human rights, has different positions in similar situations. Respecting the sanctities and preserving the sacred concepts, expands the communications and strengthens the peaceful coexistence of the followers of different religions. Islam condemns the insult to its sanctities, and emphasizes not to insult the sanctities of others. A practical commitment to the declaration and human rights treaties in the world - especially in Denmark, France, etc., with the aim of creating religious and denominational division, insults are made towards the holy Prophet of Islam (SAW) - and to eliminate the legal loopholes of this crime in the country, is necessary more than ever. This research, with a descriptive-analytical method, aims to investigate the insult to sacred concepts according to the jurisprudence of Islamic religions, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Insulting sacred concepts is punishable from the viewpoint of Islamic denominations and Iranian legal system and is also prohibited in human rights.

Jurisprudents of different Islamic schools of thought, according to the type and combination of raised capital, have divided the types of partnership into four categories: ‘Inan, A‘mal, Mufawadha and Wujuh. Regarding the definition, effects and rulings of these kinds of partnerships, there are fundamental differences of opinion among the jurists of different Islamic schools. Due to the difference of jurisprudential and legal views and the silence of the civil law, the scope of these differences of opinion has also been extended to the authenticity or inauthenticity of Mufawadhah partnership. Those in favor of the correctness of the Mufawadhah partnership insist on reasons such as the existence of some hadiths, silent consensus, the similarity of the main nature of this kind of partnership with the two legally permissible contracts of sponsorship and representation, and the emphasis of the Islamic religion on participation and cooperation. On the other hand, the opponents of the validity of the Mufawadhah partnership have pointed to reasons such as the absence of an explicit Shariah reason about the validity of this company, arbitrary and consensus. In this article, with a comparative look at different Islamic schools of thought and with an emphasis on the jurisprudence books of Imami jurists and with the benefit of a descriptive analytical method, after defining the Mufawadhah partnership, by analyzing the reasons for and against the validity of this kind of partnership, with an emphasis on the answers, the solution and the violation that is given for the reasons of the opponents and supporters of the validity of the Mufawadhah partnership, in the end, the result is obtained that according to the silence of the law and despite the opposing opinion of some jurists, according to the opinion of jurists such as Tusi, Shahid Sani And Mofid, participating in negotiation in its famous meaning in Imami jurisprudence and following it according to Article 4 and Article 167 of the Constitution is invalid in the current laws of Iran.

In the present study, the effect of material degradation in hygrothermal environment on the bending of laminated composite plates is investigated. Heat and humidity are environmental factors that affect the mechanical properties of polymers and therefore, behavior of laminated composites changes. For investigating these changes, a laminated composite is modeled through the Kirchhoff hypothesis and classical plate theory for thin plates, and the bending governing equations are derived. The resulted equation is solved for a simply supported laminated plate and exact solution is obtained for numerical analysis. The environmental effects on the mechanical properties are modeled using the available experimental results in the literature. Finally, the effects of laminate dimensions, temperature, relative humidity, fiber volume fraction, void volume fraction, lay-up on the maximum deflection of laminate is investigated in details. Results show that variation of temperature and relative humidity severely reduce the mechanical properties and affect the behavior of laminated plates.

In the present study, the effect of different projectiles on the carbon and glass fiber reinforced laminated composites is investigated experimentally and numerically. 8 samples of six-layers composite sheets with dimensions of 25×25 cm reinforced with glass and carbon fibers and epoxy resin3001 are subjected to low velocity impact. Also, spherical and semi-spherical steel projectiles of 680 grs weight and 55 mm diameters are used. Drop weight height of projectiles are supposed to be 1 and 1.5 m which leads to equivalent 6.7 and 10 J of impact energy. ANSYS and LSDYNA packages are used for numerical study. Results show that maximum deflection is occurred at the center of laminates for carbon and glass reinforced samples by the spherical projectiles. In addition, it is seen that deflection of carbon and glass laminated composites due to the impact of semi-spherical projectile reduces 18.7% and 34.3% respectively in comparison with the spherical projectile.

The hot deformation behavior of materials has considerable complexity due to its dependence on the strain, strain rate, and temperature changes. Therefore, the prediction of material behavior is very important in these conditions. Various constitutive equations have been developed to predict the deformation behavior of materials at elevated temperatures, one of the most important of which is the Johnson-Cook equation. To develop a suitable constitutive equation that can accurately predict the behavior of the material, various tests such as tensile, compressive, and torsion tests are used. Due to the lack of frictional limitation, the torsion test can apply much higher deformation or strain than the compression and/or tensile tests. Therefore, in this study, the hot working behavior of 304 austenitic stainless steel was investigated using the hot torsion test and the Johnson-Cook constitutive equation was developed for it. For this purpose, experiments have been performed at the temperature range of 800-1000 ̊C and strain rate of 0.001-1 s-1 and high strain up to about 3. The results showed that flow stress decreases significantly with increasing temperature and decreasing strain rate. In places where the strain is sufficiently applied and the deformation temperature is high, dynamic recrystallization is observed in the microstructure while due to the strain difference along the sample radius, the microstructure of the deformed part is not nuniform along the radius. The developed Johnson-Cook equation was compared with the experimental results which were observed to have acceptable accuracy in predicting the hot deformation behavior of the studied steel.

Fiber-metal composites are polymer composites reinfored with fibers and metal sheets.  In this study, the tensile properties of CARALL (CarbonReinforced Aluminum Laminate with CFRP (Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer) under the influence of moisture are compared and studied experimentally and numerically by finite element (FE) method. According to ASTM-D3039 standard, six samples of CARALL and CFRP composite are made using manual lay-up and carbon fibers, 3001 resin, and T6-7075 aluminum sheet and also, the samples were stored in dry and moisture conditions for 14 and 25 days. ANSYS software is used to simulate and compare the results with experimental tests. Comparison of the results shows that the moisture reduced the tensile properties of the samples. Also, the elasticity modulus for the CFRP and CARALL samples in humid environment during 25 days reduces respectively as 47.3% and 56.8% in comparison with the dry environment.

High-speed flying objects are subjected to temperature variation caused by aerodynamic heat, which reduces flight performance due to instability. Due to high tensile force generated by increasing temperature, Shape Memory Alloys (SMA) may be used to reinforce these structures. In this study, the axial buckling of composite cylindrical shells reinforced with SMA fibers made of Nitinol is studied. Properties of SMA fibers are determined using the Brinson's constitutive model. Governing equations are derived using classical shell theory with the Von-Karman type of geometrical non-linear in conjunction with Love's first approximate accompanied with the static mode of virtual displacement principle. To solve the governing equations generalized differential squares method are used in longitudinal direction. The effect of pre-strain, volume fraction and position of SMA fibers on the critical load of the cylindrical shells are investigated. Results show that shell reinforcement with small percentage of pre-strained SMA fibers significantly increases the critical load. Also, the use of SMA fibers in the longitudinal direction and in the layer close to the inner surface of the cylinder has a favorable result in increasing the critical load.

In order to investigate the pre-harvest and priming application effects of gibberellic acid, salicylic acid and nitrogen on seed germination indices of Echinacea purpurea, this experiment was designed on factorial experiment in base completely randomized design with three replications at 2018 in field conditions and laboratory in the department of horticultural science of Ilam University. Experimental factors included gibberellic acid at two concentrations (100 and 200 mg/L), salicylic acid at two concentrations (100 and 200 mg/L) and nitrogen (from urea sorce) at two concentrations (3 and 6 g/L) that were investigated separately and in combination with each other. Treatments were applied with control samples as pre-planting (before maturity and seed harvesting) and seed priming (after seed harvesting). The results showed that the highest germination percentage, vigor index and shoot length were obtained in pre-harvest interaction with gibberellic acid 200 mg/L and nitrogen 6 g/L. The highest germination rate was observed in gibberellic acid 200 mg/L and the highest seed dry weight was obtained in gibberellic acid 100 mg/L. The highest root length was observed in pre-harvest treatment with 200 mg/L of gibberellic acid and 200 mg/L of salicylic acid. Also, pre-harvest nitrogen treatment had significantly higher germination percentage, germination rate, vigor index, shoot length and dry weight than their priming. Therefore, in present study, preharvest treatments of gibberellic acid in combination with nitrogen or salicylic acid were introduced for improving the seed germination of Echinacea purpurea.

In order to maintain the postharvest quality and vase life of the "Stanza" cultivar of gerbera cut flowers, an experiment was designed as split-plot for time based on a completely randomized design, with four replications, at 2018 in horticulture department of Ilam university. The treatments consisted of preharvest application of Spermine 2 mM and γ-Aminobutyric acid 2mM (GABA), as sub-plot, at two stages (2T) of spraying (the stage of emergence of flower branch and 10 days later) and three stages (3T) of spraying (the stage of emergence of flower branch, 7 and 10 days later) that investigated, as the main plot, at 0, 3, 6 and 9 days postharvest at 22±1 °C and relative humidity of 65 to 70%. The results showed that, respectively, spermine 3T, spermine 2T, GABA 3T and GABA 2T treatments increased vase life and maintaind postharvest quality of Gerbera cut flowers compared to the control. The results of the 9th day showed that the highest fresh weight, absorption of vase solution (VSU), soluble solids, protein, phenol and total flavonoid, activity of the catalase (CAT), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), as well as the lowest ion leakage (EL), malondialdehyde MDA and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity respectively were observed in Spermine and GABA treatments, and in some of the studied traits, there was no significant difference between two and three stages of spraying. Therefore, the use of spermine 3T as the best treatment in present study is recommended as an application method to increase the vase life of "Stanza" cultivar of gerbera cut flowers.

Capsicum annuum L. fruits have amount of natural antioxidants and essential nutrients such as: vitamin C, carotenoids, phenolic compounds, and elements like potassium. Appearance of the crops, such as the shape, color, size, freshness of the fruit, lack of physiological disorders and microbial diseases, have a very important role in the marketability of green bell peppers. Therefore, this crop always requires a method to reduce losses and maintain marketability in postharvest. One of the methods for reducing postharvest losses of horticultural crops is using of edible and non-edible coatings that, increased shelf life of crops by changing of exchange of gas and water surrounding of horticultural crops.

In order to reduce the losses and preserve the quality of green bell peppers (“California Wonder” cultivar), this study was designed by using a factorial experiment in basic of completely randomized design in Ilam University at 2018. Experimental treatments were consisted immersion of fruits in Aloe vera gel 25% and 50%, Arabic gum 5% and 10%, Aoe vera 25%+Arabic gum5%, Aloe vera 25% + Arabic gum10%, Aloe Vera 50%+Arabic gum 5%, Aloe vera 50% + Arabic Gum 10% and control, which their effects on the characteristics of green bell pepper was investigated during 14 and 28 days of storage at 10 ̊C and RH 90%.

The results showed that with increasing the storage period, the quality and marketability of pepper fruits decreased, but the experimental treatments maintained the quality and marketability of green bell pepper in storage. In this study, Arabic gum10%, Aloe vera 25% + Arabic gum 10% and Aloe vera 50% + Arabic gum 10% treatments in most of the studied characteristics were more effective in maintaining the quality of green bell peppers in storage. These treatments showed less weight loss and ion leakage compared to other treatments and maintained marketability, total soluble solids, titratable acidity, total phenol, total antioxidant capacity, total chlorophyll and activity of catalase and peroxidase enzymes during 28 days of storage. It is likely that a thicker layer and fewer exchanges of atmosphere surrounding the fruit would be due to the greater efficiency of 10% Arabic gum in these treatments than other treatments. Therefore, according to this results the use of Arabic gum 10% or in combination with Aloe vera gel 25 and 50% are recommended as a method for reducing losses and maintaining the quality and marketability of green bell peppers during the storing and marketing.

To investigate the effects of foliar application of gibberellic acid (GA3) and salicylic acid (SA) on the morphophysiological, biochemical, and yield characteristics of Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench, an experiment began as a factorial in a randomized complete blocks design with three replications at the research farm of Agriculture Faculty, Ilam University, Iran, by sowing the plants in 2018 and continued by evaluating the plant characteristics for the two consecutive years (2018 & 2019). The experimental treatments included the foliar spray of plants during vegetative growth period with GA3 (0, 100, and 200 ppm) and SA (0, 100, and 200 ppm) as well as their combinations. The results showed that the highest plant height, number of flowers, and fresh and dry weight of the plants (in both years) were obtained in the GA3-200 ppm treatment and the highest amount of total chlorophyll and carotenoids (in both years) in the GA3-100 ppm one. The highest capitol diameter and fresh and dry weight of flowers in the first year and the highest anthocyanins content in the second year were observed in the GA3-200 ppm treatment. Also, the highest capitol diameter in the second year and the highest anthocyanins content in the first year were obtained in the SA-100 ppm treatment. In addition, the highest fresh and dry weight of flowers in the second year was recorded in the SA-200 ppm treatment. The highest essential oil amount of flowers, shoots (without flowers), and total essential oil (in both years) were obtained in the GA3-100 ppm+SA-100 ppm combination treatment. Considering that increasing the plant dry matter yield as well as essential oil content were the most important objectives of this study, the GA3-200 ppm treatment for the plant dry weight increase and the GA3-100 ppm+SA-100 ppm combination treatment for the essential oil content increase could be suggested as the best treatments.

Estimating the effect of sediment transport, especially suspended load, is important in river planning and management. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of suspended sediment load on the roughness coefficient and the intensity of flow turbulence in Haraz, Rostamabad and Beheshtabad Rivers. In order to better understand these relationships, the geometric characteristics of the sections, the flow velocity and the suspended load were measured in different sections of these rivers. Then shear stress, Manning coefficient and Von karman coefficient were calculated using related equations in each section. The intensity of turbulence was also determined by measuring velocity fluctuations. The study of the effect of suspended load on roughness coefficient and Van Carmen coefficient showed that in most sections roughness coefficient and Van Carmen coefficient have decreased due to the presence of suspended load. In Haraz, Rostamabad and Beheshtabad Rivers, the ratio of roughness coefficient in the presence of suspended load to roughness coefficient without suspended load was 0.9, 0.94 and 0.6, respectively. The results of this study showed that the turbulence intensity distribution is independent from the flow rate and the distribution is always convergent and its maximum value occurred not in the bed but above the bed. Besides, the distribution of turbulence intensity in the presence of suspended load in gravel-boulder rivers is convergent and can be analyzed based on the boundary layer equation. Quadrant analysis was performed on the dominant events at three flow depths. In the areas close to the bed, the predominant phenomena were inward, outward and ejection, respectively, and the contribution of the sweeping event in this section was negligible.

In this paper, we study the semantic and derivative meaning of the term “Wid”, which is used in an attributed poem to Rudaki. In ancient Persian dictionaries there are two meanings of "lost" and "little" for this word, and it is not clear what the original meaning of the word is. We try to find out the correct meaning of the word by studying the manuscripts of the various Persian dictionaries and the poetic evidence in which this word is used. In this way, we reconstruct and identify the old and middle Iranian forms of the word, and show other possible forms of the word in Persian Dari and Tabari Zaidi languages. According to the evidence it is probably the correct meaning of the word is "lost" and the meaning "little" was formed by the writing character of the letter "k" for "g" in the early Persian texts.

Gerbera, one of the important cut flowers, is sensitive to early wilting and neck bending which reduce its postharvest vase life. Towards improving the quality and the vase life of “Stanza” and “Pink Elegance” cut flowers, this study was conducted using putrescine by using a factorial experiment in basic of completely randomized design with 4 replications. The treatments were included postharvest spraying with 4 mM of putrescine, pulse treatment with 8 mM putrescine, permanent solution (vase life solution) with 2 mM putrescine and control. The results showed that Stanza cultivar had a higher vase life index and better quality than Pink Elegance cultivar in postharvest. All putrescine treatments increased vase life in both cultivars; however, the highest vase life was related to permanent treatments, pulse treatment, spraying treatment respectively. In most cases, all treatments maintain the postharvest quality of Gerbera cut flowers for four and eight days. in both cultivars permanent treatment has more relative fresh weight, VSU, marketability, TSS, CAT, PAL, and less of EC and MDA. In contrast, control has the lowest quality although in some cases, such as TSS, EC, CAT and PAL, there was no significant difference with postharvest spraying treatment. The best result was obtained once permanent treatment of putrescine and pulse treatment were used.

The objective of the present study is to explore the role and effect of the provision of human rights on the prevention of political and social challenges. The method of the study was descriptive analysis and it was attempted to show the potential of the constitution in the prevention of upcoming challenges using the theory of human rights in Islam from the perspective of Shahid Beheshti, the historical-critical analysis method, the Qur’anic and Nabawi principles on human rights, the ideas of Imam Khomeini in Islamic Revolution, and the arguments of parliament representatives. The hypothesis of this research study is that the foundation of human rights relies on Islamic, intellectual, and empirical tenets and hence it has a high potential to prevent political and social challenges, to reassure political success, and to reinforce national security. Furthermore, the reinforcement of the indices of sovereignty, hope for the future, and mutual trust between the government and citizens would result in social and political stability and minimize or prevent likely challenges.

Ayādgār ī Zarērān (Memorial of Zarēr) is a text that in its original version has been composed in Parthian language. This text has been amended and distorted in the process of transcription into the Middle Persian alphabet and language. This makes it difficult to read some of the words and sentences and scholars have taken different ways in reading them. In this paper, these readings are first reviewed and criticized, and then some new suggestions are put forward. The basis of these suggestions is the adaptation between Ayādgār ī Zarērān and Draxt ī Āsūrīg (Assyrian tree), an originally Parthian text, and the evidence of the Parthian Manichaean texts. The reading of two passages from the New Persian texts written in Ray, Qumis, Gorgan, and Herat also provides some testimonies. In some phrases, some emendations have been made and in others we have been able to present a new reading by identifying a kind of elegy which is evidenced in the Parthian Manichean texts.