فهرست مطالب belgheis rovshan

Cognitive poetic theory is based on linguistic techniques such as analogical reasoning and the type of language units. According to Marguerite Freeman's theory (2000), each text has three levels of attribute, relational and system mapping. In the first level, the similarity between objects is analyzed. In the second level, the relationships between objects are investigated and in the third level, the pattern that exists in the conceptual and structural relationships of the work is explored as a whole. In this study, with the aim of understanding Shafi'i Kadkani's cognitive style, his two poems were examined in the framework of this theory. Research questions are: 1- Is there a significant relationship between structure and content in Shafi'i Kadkani poetry? 2- Is it possible to approach the unspoken meanings in the text and the author's thought patterns with analogical mapping? The results of this study showed that in the first poem, the image that is created in the mind of the audience from the reflection of two different conceptual spaces in the text; It is also reflected in the structural and linguistic dimension of poetry, Because in lines 5 to 9 - as the heart of the poetry The use of language and pronouns are different from other parts of the text. The same pattern is repeated in the second poem and the boring rotation of life in poetry is represented in the structure of the work. Analogical mappings showed; there is an obstacle to reach the ideal world in both poems who is the narrator herself. Based on these results; Significant consistency of the structure and content of the poems and also The effectiveness of the solutions of poetic-cognitive theory to approach the unspoken meanings of text and the author's thought patterns was proved.

This investigation was conducted to analyze Shafiee Kadkani's “Lighting section (sure)” Poem with Cognitive Poetic approach. The cognitive poetic theory gives analyzer the powerful method to make clear the author’s deductive processes, for instance, can point to the attribute, relation and system mappings. In this theory, types of words arranging is crucial and from its aims is detecting of the relation between literary work’s structure and concept. This studies’ aim is to consider interpreting levels of “Lighting section (sure)”, with attention to its structure and concept with the cognitive poetic approach. The question of the study is, which factors are the reason for effectiveness and success in poetry? And if we can find a new aspect of this poetry, in system mapping level that is the distinguished attribute of cognitive poetic theory? With due attention to that, this study is interpreting the author’s mental maps which were caused to the above text creation and lead to recognizing her cognitive style, this investigation seems to be important. The results of this study showed that Kadkan’s poetry is placed in a strength language structure framework that has a deep relationship with the entire poetry concept, and it presented to the reader in the frame of mental integration pattern. This factor is one of the reasons that caused the poetry in question to be successful and effective. Most of the conceptual metaphors used in this poem are directional

In cognitive approach, conceptual metaphor belongs to human cognitive system which has root in conceptual system of mind as the concept does not relate to literature and poems. The domain of emotions is a new approach in which language has dynamic and indivisible connection with science of cognition and emotions. According to Kovecces (2010) by studying frequent conceptual metaphors, one can attain the worldview of the language society. The present study studies grief conceptual metaphors in the works of Ahmad Mahmood and Simin Daneshvar on the basis of Kovecces (2010) and investigates the effect of time and gender in the use of metaphors. The goal of this study is to understand how the concept of grief in conceptual metaphors is conceived and on the basis which concepts in the source domain, the concept of grief is formed. Also this research tries to account for how changes of time and gender in using conceptual metaphors relating to grief in the aforementioned works are shown.

When a conceptual domain is understood on the basis of another domain, a conceptual metaphor is formed. This understanding is the result of systematic mappings or correspondences between two conceptual domains. As a result, conceptual metaphor is conceived as the conceptual domain in which A is the conceptual domain of B. Mapping is a set of correspondences in two sides of metaphor. According to Kovecses (2010), the most common sources are domains of human body, health and illness, animals, plants, buildings, units and tools, games and sports, trade, cooking and food, warmth and coldness, light and darkness, forces, movement and direction, and the common targets are feelings, willingness, ethics, thoughts, society/nation, politics, economy, human relation, relation, time, life and death, religion, events and actions. Social aspect includes  men’s talking style about women, women’s talking style about men, men and women’s talking style about women describing the world generally by men and women. Focusing one metaphor on one or more target metaphor is called highlighting. The necessity of highlighting metaphor is hiding, in which aspects of the target concept which is moved away from the focus, are hidden.. For example, if  one considers the conceptual metaphors of  the present investigation namely, “container, travelling, and war”  while focusing on different aspects of the discussion such as content, advance, and success, one can understand that one only a part of the concept of  discussion is bolded and is the focus of metaphor in each.

The method of this present study is discovery and research. The method to recognize the metaphor is called Pragglejaz group (2007). In this method, the analysis of conceptual metaphor is based on the linguistic metaphor. Metaphoric meaning is the indirect meaning of the word which is the result of comparing the contextual and the main meaning used in other contexts. In Iran, literature has a special realization in south and southwest of Iran in Khuzestan, Fars, and Bushehr attracting writers of the south and also other writers to these regions. The most important of the geographic story literature comes from the efforts of south writers. Stories which have originated from the culture and nature consisting writers who are in middle urban class. The works of the south writers describe poverty, depravities and rural oppressed people who are weak and helpless and workers who are wanderer.  In this research only the works of Mahmood and Daneshvar who have many works before and Islamic revolution are chosen.

This research aims at studying the mappings and source domains in the works of Mahmood and Daneshvar before and after Islamic revolution.  In the early works of Mahmood source domains of thing, death, illness, burden, and animal behavior had the most frequency. In the post Islamic revolution works of Mahmood, the source domains of barriers, destruction, death, matters in the container, things, matters, and water had the most  frequency. One can say that Mahmood has tried to show two representation of grief by changing the focus of metaphors as the two aspects of different extrovert’s and introvert’s worldview. Analyzing the grief emotion in early works, one can see an animal which has an external reaction to grief.  He considers grief as ‘’ undesirable food’’ which by eating it, one shows beasty reactions which has external reactions. Finally, he considers grief as burden which is dreadful. But in recent works, grief pictures show a scene from the introvert aspect.  Mahmood considers, in his recent works, borders which passing them is totally destructive. Although he in the works after Islamic revolution totally moves toward reducing expression and negative expressions. But it seems that in his worldview, negative effect of grief is more severe and destructive.In the prerevolutionary works of Daneshvar, the source domains of thing, fire, heat, illness, animal behavior, pressure, and compression have the most frequency. In recent works of Daneshvar, the source domains of thing, illness, barrier, destruction, fire/heat, and death have the most frequency in showing grief. It seems that Daneshvar in her first life felt grief completely and depicted the effects of grief more destructive than the second period. In her recent works by using more frequent domains of barrier, force and water, she considers grief as a force which is a beerier for happiness, health and pleasantness. In this period of her life, one can the see increasing capacity of Daneshvar facing this emotion.

Goal: This study aims to develop a language-based skill test revolving around four main language skills, with principals and basics of language test development in mind intended to evaluate Persian language proficiency of non-Iranian students (In terms of language level). One of the main goals of this study is to develop a Persian language skill (proficiency) test. The purpose of language proficiency test is to measure one's overall ability to utilize the desired language without having to undergo specific training courses. So the content of a language proficiency test is not based on the content or purpose of the language courses. Also in this study, measures are foreseen to evaluate the validity and reliability of the designed test in order to obtain the Credibility of the standardized test. Research Question:The questions raised in this study are as follows:•What are characteristics of designed tests in terms of analysis of test making procedures? •To what extent does the test designed conform to the standard criteria?Research hypothesis:This test possesses the following characteristics in terms of analysis of test making procedures:This test incorporates the necessary efficiency This test is reliable. This test is valid. This test is applicable and practical. This test is designed according to standardized criteria.

In this research a descriptive-analytical method is firstly used to study previous researches, and to select a theoretical framework in order to present the theoretical concepts and basics; to construct the criterion test and standardize it the “agreement-oriented scaling method” was used, and to determine the validity of the proposed test, the “field method” was used. The statistical population of this study is the learners of Persian Language Learning Centre of Imam Khomeini International University of Qazvin. The total population of this statistical population is 200 people. The sample size of this study will be 130 members of this statistical population who have been learning Persian language for at least 2 months and a maximum of 1 year. Their mean age is 38-38 years. The sampling method utilized is cluster random sampling.

The current study has presented the Persian language proficiency test based on the multidimensional concept of language derived from Stern theory. Since it was found that the average difficulty coefficient of reading questions was appropriate and optimal compared to the criteria of test designing, It can be claimed that the designed test were in accordance with the test designing criteria. Difficulty coefficient of listening comprehension questions were assessed easy, which after flaw scrutinizing was found that it was influenced by the nationality of some of the testees and the duration of Persian language learning. Since 15 of the subjects were Tajik and 24 of them have been leaning Persian in Faculty of Foreign Languages of Beijing for 1 year, they possessed a high listening comprehension skill and this had an impact on the difficulty coefficient factor. Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the test was 0.7, indicating the reliability of the test. The content validity of the test was also evaluated well, based on the judgment of the Persian language teachers. After calculating Pearson's correlation coefficient, structural validity between reading and listening skills was also evaluated well. The designed test can be used for placement since it also possesses the needed efficiency, it can be used to for placement of subjects and determine the base level of language learner, thus informing the Persian language learners of their own skill and making Professors cognizant of Students' Linguistic Status. Another attribute of a good test is its applicability and practicality, which the designed the test is also easy to conduct, easy to score and easy to interpret and apply. Finally, in response to the research question, it can be concluded that the designed test possesses the test designing criteria and features, and has been designed in accordance with standard criteria.

The purpose of the study was to examine differences in reading performance when an Electronic format with a scrolling text mode on a LCD monitor and a traditional paper format were used to present reading. The method which is used is experimental method and the research population consists of students of PayameNoor University in FirouzAbad.This study consists of 94 individuals that have been chosen by Random Sampling method. They were randomized into two groups, where the first group read text in print, and the other group read the same texts as PDF on a computer screen. Main findings of analyzing by using T-test measurement showed that students who read texts in print scored significantly better on the reading comprehension test than students who read the texts digitally. In addition, in this study, no significant differences between matched computer and paper-based text in terms of the time taken to study, on the other hand Main findings of analyzing by using Enter regression measurement showed context factors significant effect on reading speed and no effect on reading comprehension. These findings have strong implications for educators, educational administrators, policymaking and test development.