فهرست مطالب mostafa shahraeini

The purpose of this article is to introduce, criticize and evaluate “Spinoza’s in Soviet Philosophy”. This book is composed of seven articles of Russian thinkers about various aspects of Spinoza’s philosophy which have been written in 1920s, when the Russian Philosophers sought to reconstruct a philosophical system and there is lot of controversy among them about the nature of this system. Spinoza’s philosophical system was one of the main sources for them despite the opposite approach to this reconstruction. In 1952, The American thinker and translator, George L. Kline, with complete knowledge of the Russian and Spinoza’s Philosophy, chose and translated these articles from the different Journals of that period and published them with a detailed introduction. In this article, first, we present a general introduction of the work and its origins, then we introduce the content of each article independently and finally analyze, evaluate and criticize the various approaches.

Question of truth and its role in Epistemology is a challenging topic in philosophical thinking. Most of philosophers and researcher accept the meaning of truth as conformity with reality and say that it is related to judgments; as the way that whenever our judgment conforms to their real and material objects, they are true. However, Descartes' idea is somehow different. He believes that the truth is based on two Property, namely Clarity and distinctness and is related to Ideas and Judgment. In this article, we want to say that the truth is consequently achieved epistemological meditations and clear and distinct perceptions. So, Truth in philosophy of Descartes is internal, not external. That is, truth is realized within the epistemological process and after attaining conditions such as having a clear and distinct knowledge.

By interrupting the traditional approach to the distinctiveness of the order of knowledge and the order of nature (which was the procedure of many philosophers like Aristotle, and his scholastic disciples, more especially of Thomas Aquinas and even Descartes and Cartesian), and acquiring a unified science, Spinoza changes the customary order of philosophizing and begins his famous book, Ethics, with a treatise on God, nature or substance, a being that, is assumed, first by nature, i.e. in the order of nature, but not first for us, i.e. in the order of knowledge. To accomplish this procedure, Spinoza, on the one hand attributes the extension to the God and on the other hand, chose the geometrical method that implies definitions, axioms and postulates that harmonize with his procedure, to expose his views. In this article, by analyzing Spinoza’s geometrical method, we try to show that how Spinoza achieved his methodological intentions.