فهرست مطالب nasim zolfaghari firouzsalari

Due to their widespread identification in all environmental compartments, Microplastics (MPs) are emerging pollutants that have garnered growing scientific and public attention over the last decades. Early research on MPs and their effects was limited to studies of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, but more recent studies have included MPs in the air. There is now considerable concern about the effects of MPs on pristine environments and urban air quality. A literature search was conducted in Science Direct and Google Scholar using the following keywords: microplastics, indoor environment, outdoor environment, human effects, and ecological risks. Finally, eligible studies were selected for the review. Textiles, such as clothes, carpets, and curtains, are the main indoor sources of MPs. As well as the primary sources of MPs outdoors, there are landfills, urban and home dust, and synthetic particles. According to current theories, human exposure to MPs occurs through dermal contact, ingestion, and inhalation. Recent research has demonstrated that inhalation is the principal mechanism of human exposure to MPs. Early toxicological research suggests that MPs may lead to inflammation and oxidative stress. However, there is growing concern about the possible leaching of hazardous chemicals used as plastic additives. Nevertheless, MP exposure and risk assessment in humans is still in its infancy, and more research on the presence of MPs in various indoor and outdoor environments is required to provide the knowledge base needed for regulations to protect human health and the environment from MPs.

Bioaerosols consist of aerosols which are biologically originated and can be present ubiquitously in different environments, including the indoor air of hospitals. The objective of this study was to survey the bioaerosol type and density in various environments of four governmental educational hospitals in Urmia, Iran, namely the intensive care unit (ICU), operating room, the internal medicine room, the infectious diseases room, the infectious diseases corridor, and ambient air.

Sampling was performed during summer and winter of 2019 at four different day-times using passive (sedimentation plate) and active methods (an Andersen one-stage viable impactor and Quick Take-30 sampling instrument) and by counting plates containing a bacterial and fungus-selective medium.

The results revealed that the highest microbial bioaerosol load was related to the infectious diseases corridor (100 and 150 CFU/m3 for total bacterial and fungal load, respectively). The highest bacterial and fungal density was observed in the afternoon at 17-18; and the concentration of bioaerosols was higher in summer than winter. A comparison of indoor and outdoor bacterial loads showed that the indoor bacterial concentration mean (49.1±23.8 CFU/m3) was higher than the outdoor value (47.1±21.5 CFU/m3), and the indoor levels of fungal contamination (83.3±31.9 CFU/m3) were significantly lower than outdoor values (182.5±48.0 CFU/m3). The predominantly isolated bacteria were Staphylococcus (95%) spp, and the main isolated fungi belong to the genera Aspergillus (50%) and Penicillium (32%).

The results of this study can be useful in developing indoor air microbial quality guidelines in hospitals, which has not been done so far.

Healthy life style and food safety are among the most crucial elements inpromoting community health. This cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the awarenessand attitudes of the students of Urmia University, Urmai, Iran, regarding health and food safety. The questionnaire used was designed in three parts (demographic, attitude, andawareness) and it was completed by 384 students. Data were analyzed using SPSS software. Results showed that over 80% of the students had positive attitude towards health and foodsafety. In addition, almost 50% of the subjects had low awareness on the most appropriate plasticcontainers to keep food healthy. Findings indicated that there was a significant difference between thestudents' attitudes and their academic level (P = 0.008). No significant differences were found amongstudents' awareness and attitude considering gender and passing the food safety course. As the study findings revealed, training programs and workshops related to healthand food safety could be effective, specially for freshmen students.

Food is one of the basic human needsand providing it is directly related to food security. The concept of food security in its historical process has been debated from various aspects of physical and economical access to healthy and nutritious food at all times. Food insecurity is considered a complex policy problem with different aspects. This problem requires a network of communication among different specializations to respond to fundamental questions in various dimensions. Interdisciplinary approach is an effective solution to such problems by eliminating the gap between sciences and providing a more practical response. When discourses change from disciplinary to interdisciplinary, it will lead to an increase in innovations potential and creative entrepreneurship. By recognizing multidimensional problem of the world, we understand that the sustainability of the achievements depends on to our approaches. The food insecurity problem needs interdisciplinary approaches with social science, economics and the humanities which all play critical role in addition to the health sciences. Any policy to address ‘food security’ needs to network together expert evidence coming from many different and disparate areas, which nevertheless interlock and interact.

Acrylamide is a chemical compound that can form in some starchy foods, such as potatoes, bread, and products bakery during high-temperature (above 120°C) and cooking processes. This compound was identified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer as "a potential cancer-causing compound ". In this study, we discuss on how acrylamide can be generated from food components during heat treatment as a result of Maillard reaction between amino acids and reducing sugars. A comprehensive search was carried out in the following online databases such as Google Scholar, Science direct, PubMed and SID using English or Farsi keywords including acrylamide, and food. Since the acrylamide exists in food products, several reports on the presence of acrylamide in a range of fried and oven-cooked foods have caused worldwide concern since this compound has been classified as probably mutagenic and carcinogenic in humans. Several reports showed that asparagine, a main amino acid in potatoes and cereals, is a decisive contributor to the production of acrylamide through reducing sugars. Therefore, in this review, we searched on the formation ways of acrylamide and different methods to reduce and prevent its formation. According to the nature of acrylamide toxicity and its risks to human health, as well as the importance of food safety and health issues, one or more methods can be used to provide the solution of reducing the rate of the formation of this harmful compound in susceptible products.