جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « Subjunctive » در نشریات گروه « ادبیات و زبان ها »

This paper aims to investigate the usage pattern of “be-” with complex and prefixal predicates in present subjunctive mood and imperative mood. Our corpus and the statistics come from linguistic judgements passed by 12 Persian speakers about the presence or absence of “be-” with complex and prefixal predicates, and the speakers entered their usage priorities in the questionnaires (31,548 tokens for 3,588 types of complex and prefixal predicates, altogether). The research findings show that the degree of obligatoriness of “be-” with prefixal predicates is generally lower than complex predicates, and that the highest proportion of optional appearance of “be-” among complex predicates belongs to “kardan” and “shodan” as light verbs. In addition, among non-verbal elements, the highest statistics of obligatoriness go to the categories of adverb and prepositional phrase, and the lowest to the adjective. The authors believe that the variation in the use of “be-” observed for some light verbs and non-verbal categories, as well as the very high level of its obligatoriness for some complex and prefixal predicates, and its almost complete obligatory status for simple verbs, all indicate an ongoing change in the mood system of Contemporary Persian. The future of linguistic changes cannot be easily predicted, but it is probable that the optional uses of “be-” become obligatory gradually, and even some unpermitted instances gradually become optional, and ultimately obligatory.

Modality is a semantic concept which proposes the speaker's purpose and attitude toward the state of a proposition. Besides, mood is such a tool which is served by modality. In classical grammar sources, at least six types of mood are counted for verbs. All these sources accepted indicative, subjunctive and imperative moods and mentioned other moods such as infinitival, conditional, attributive and vocative. In this article, the latest classification of mood and the concept of modality are discussed and their differences in Persian language. Also, based on the definitions of declarative, subjunctive and imperative moods, it has been found out that in all moods, the speaker’s attitude is involved in the choice of mood on the occurrence or non-occurrence of the verb; because the mood basically shows the level of determination of the speaker on the implementation of the proposition, especially a verb. For all three moods, the central meaning in the "probability of occurrence" can be considered. Therefore, a continuum can be regarded for the verbal mood, in which the occurrence of the verb is certain on one side and improbable on the other side.

In this research, in order to find a consistent explanation for all the uses of present subjunctive in Farsi, by relying on a corpus of 3000 sentences, we managed to extract and classify all the functions of present subjunctive. We concluded that present subjunctive is used both in the simple and (relative, adverbial and complementary clauses in) compound sentences. In the simple sentences as well as the relative clauses subjunctive making elements are usually considered to be semantic. The subjunctive making elements in complementary and adverbial clauses are the main clause verb and linking word respectively. The paper also employs Comrie (1985) and Reichenbach’s (1947) tripartite distinction between speech time, event time, and reference time to show that present subjunctive has relative time. And also by choosing Darzi and Kwak (2015) approach in explaining the present subjunctive functions in complimentary clauses, we discussed its function in simple, relative and adverbial clauses in compound sentences. We concluded that reference time in simple and relative clauses is simultaneous with the speech time; such that these kinds of verbs necessarily refer to present or future. In the complementary clauses the main clause verb is considered to be the reference time of the present subjunctive verb. Reference time in the adverbial clauses, depending on the linking word, may be simultaneous with the speech time or main verb time. Whether the reference time is simultaneous with the speech time or main verb time, the subjunctive verb has got a “relative non-past time”. In the other words, compared to the reference time it refers to the future or present.

So far in the mood system of New Persian, the inflectional element ‘be-’ has had three grammatical roles: subjunctive marker, imperative marker, and future marker, all of which having in common the feature of unrealized occurrence of the event (as opposed to its realized occurrence for indicative mood). This investigation, based on a sampled corpus of 55 texts, selected from 10th to 20th centuries, follows the changes of these functions in New Persian diachronically. The results show that in a period of eleven centuries the frequency of ‘be-’ as a marker of subjunctive has increased three times, and as the imperative marker twice-and-half, while it has been productive in its third role (future marking) mostly in 10th to 12th centuries, and this function gradually disappeared later. Furthermore, since 19th c., ‘be-’ which was formerly used with simple verbs almost exclusively, began to be used with complex predicates as well. However, there is some amount of irregularity in the increasing frequency of ‘be-’ in the whole period, and the author attempts to explain it with such hypotheses as grammatical archaism in some texts, and the possible change of grammatical forms in the process of copying the texts

Among non-indicative verbal forms, subjunctive is of most uses. This form not only plays the most important functions in expressing modal concepts, but also has a close relationship with 'aspect'. In this paper, the ways in which subjunctive concepts are expressed different uses of subjunctive forms are studeid. Based on the findings of the research, there are at least six ways in which modal concepts are expressed in Persian all of which carry subjunctive forms. Subjunctive forms play at least fifteen different functions which are divided into two categories, namely, prototypical vs non-prototypical. All these functions share one feature: there is no guarantee for the actualization of the event or situation in question. As far as meaning is concerned all subjunctive forms function within a single network in center of which there exists a prototypical meaning. All other non-prototypical meanings are derived from this prototypical meaning.

This research is specifically about the function of inflectional "-i" suffix in new Persian. The objective of the article is to recognize some concepts and changes which are encoded by this morpheme in New Persian. Additionally, it follows up the reason of change or recognition of the linguistic elements. The results suggest that the so-called morpheme is changed in the cases that it was expressing two categories of frequentative aspect and modes, including subjunctive, conditional, optative, and imagined. The alternative sign in the category of aspect is prefix "mi-", which has taken a new frequentative aspect other than imperfect, and because of taking a new grammatical function, the auxiliary of "dɑʃtæn" is grammaticalized for its primary function, as well. The alternative sign in the category of mood is the abstract form of subjunctive mood, which means that a literal and phonemic function of an affix is titled to an abstract category. The reason of such changes should be found in the process of grammaticalization. That is, through this process, in aspect form "mi-" has taken a new function in addition to its primary one and has become more grammatical, and in mood form, a grammatical category has become more grammatical and more abstract.

Mood is, in general, a meaning concept that indicates the speaker’s point of view about a proposition. There are different modal elements in each language to embody a mood; in other words, different languages have variety of methods to express modal concepts. Using verbal moods is one of these methods. Verbal mood represents the morphology of a verb and can hence be considered as a grammatical issue. Examining the history of Persian grammar makes it clear that Persian grammarians have finally reached a consensus that there are three different types of moods in Persian language named Indicative, Subjunctive, and Imperative. This study is to show that the distinction between subjunctive and imperative moods, that is just its morphological outbreak, is not a modal distinction and it is not possible to distinguish these two verbal groups in terms of verbal mood. In other words it can be said that there are only two verbal moods in Persian language: indicative and non-indicative. It has also been tried, in present study, to provide an explanation about being zero of the second person singular feature.

Analyzing the Case of PRO has always been a challenge to the theory of language since the onset of generative tradition. Based on the PRO Theorem, the GB grammarians considered this empty category to lack Case totally. However, this conception, together with the use of the theory of government made PRO different from all other nominal elements. In order to avoid this, the Null Case Hypothesis at the beginning of the Minimalist Program, considered PRO to have Case to be checked against the T head of the embedded clause in control constructions. Nonetheless, the lack of content to this conception of Case made it the subject of criticism both from theoretical and empirical viewpoints. Finally, it was argued that, if PRO can receive Case, then it has a standard Case similar to other overt nominal elements. This study, therefore, analyses the previous conceptions about PRO in Persian and shows that this empty category has a standard structural Case, checked against the T head within the finite subjunctive clauses.

The present study is a contribution to show that، beside imperative and subjunctive modes، six other linguistic forms are used in Persian and French languages to express order and necessity. The results of this research show that the relation between imperative and subjunctive is related to many factors such as: the degree in which the speaker is implicated into the fact، the semantic properties of the verb /bɑyestan/ (to have to) which stands for the imperative in both languages; the pragmatic aspect of the indirect expression of the order and its priority in the Persian language; the use of lexical phrases in both Persian and French languages for toning down the intensity of the order; the use of the future tense in French in order to express the injunctive utterances in a very polite way. However، in Persian، the use of the simple present (as an equivalent of the future tense in Persian) gives the opposite value to the utterance and intensifies the order force of the imperative form in Persian، sometimes، giving the impression of a threat.