جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « دریاچه » در نشریات گروه « جغرافیا »

Explaining resilience to threats is an understanding of how social, economic, institutional, political and executive capacities are significant in improving the resilience and identifying different dimensions of resilience in human societies. On the one hand, the type of attitude to the topic of resilience and its way of analysis, plays a key role in determining how well the current situation is and its causes, and on the other hand, it can play a fundamental role in the implementation of risk reduction policies and measures." The relationship between vulnerability and resilience becomes necessary when the issue under consideration is considered from the perspective of environmental risk studies. Therefore, the main question for many researchers in this field is whether resilience is opposed to vulnerability. Or is resilience a factor in vulnerability? And does vulnerability in a simple definition refer to the ability to lose or not? (Cutter, 1996)." Vulnerability and resilience concepts provide valuable conceptual frameworks and models for understanding how communities and human systems cope with environmental and social change (Adger, 2006). In the present study, considering the importance of analyzing the relationship between vulnerability and resilience among global research and the level of research conducted in the country, we try to examine the situation of these two concepts by applying a quantitative approach in the eastern shore of Lake Urmia.  In this study, the eastern region of t Lake Urmia, including 8 counties: Azarshahr, Osko, Bonab, Tabriz, Shabestar, Ajabshir, Maragheh and Malekan, were selected as a study area.The study area is one of the most important and sensitive areas in East Azarbaijan province, which has been the focus of population and various economic activities. In addition, the eastern shore of Lake Urmia has been affected by ecological changes in recent years. Given that the main purpose of this study is to provide a comprehensive and integrated approach to determining the state of vulnerability and resilience to natural hazards and disasters, therefore, in the first step, the study area from the perspective of environmental threats and disasters. Naturally, the resilience capacity of the region has been examined in the form of political divisions of the village and at the level of rural settlements. Therefore, the fundamental question of the present study can be posed in such a way that what is the relationship between environmental vulnerability and the resilience capacity of the region within the eastern shores of Lake Urmia?

The research methodology is descriptive-analytic and its purpose due to application in to the local planning and rural development system is applied. By doing literature review, an innovative approach was introduced by combining quantitative methods of index basis and GIS in explaining the relationship between environmental vulnerability and regional resilience. Accordingly, two innovative index including Environmental Vulnerability Index (EVI) and Regional Resilience Index (RRI) were implemented. For the vulnerability assessment 8 criteria and for the resilience assessment 19 criteria were chosen.

In research aimed at analyzing resilience, the most important issue to consider is vulnerability analysis and recognizing the threats ahead in order to identify resilience capacity and capabilities. As stated in the sections of the first article, the approach of resilience in the field of management and planning, and especially in crisis management, is in the stages of its evolution and evolution. From this point of view, in terms of concept, operation and application, it has problems and weaknesses that have been explained in the theoretical foundations section. According to the findings of the study (Cutter, 1996), reproduction due to environmental hazards, as well as hazards, hazards and disasters in nature have a spatial and geographical nature in nature, so its study from this perspective will be useful and beneficial. Many studies such as Cutter et al., 2008; Cutter, Burton, & Emrich, 2010; Rose, 2007) have tried to provide quantitative analytical models and operational frameworks for improving and enhancing the resilience of communities using appropriate indicators. The most important distinguishing feature of previous studies in the field of regional resilience assessment with the present study can be considered in the lack of consideration of spatial-spatial dimensions and the multi-spectral criteria used. In the present study, by emphasizing the spatial dimensions and combining the quantitative approach of decision-making approach, an attempt was made to examine the relationship between the two concepts of environmental vulnerability and regional resilience. In the present study, according to this principle in planning and management for crisis occurrence, first the type of threats and environmental hazards in the study area were described Then, using 8 selected criteria, the vulnerability situation was analyzed due to environmental hazards. The results of this part of the study indicate that 27% of the study area is located on the highly vulnerable class. Where the whole area of ​​Azarshahr and Ajabshir is covered and many areas of Osko, Shabestar and Tabriz are also in the process of being damaged. Recognizing the vulnerability of the study area, it should be acknowledged that the southern and southeastern regions are in good condition and are in low-vulnerability classes. However, in the process of resilience measurement, which initially included three indicators of social resilience, access to communication infrastructure and resilience of building strength, and finally, by merging the three mentioned layers, the overall regional resilience index was obtained. The results of this process show that 43% of the total area of the region is in the desired state of resilience and 27% have less resilience to environmental hazards in the study area. The eastern shore of Lake Urmia is one of the equipped axes and development of large population centers in the province of East Azerbaijan and is also a bridge between other regions in the northwest of the country. Therefore, its vulnerability disrupts other regional functions as well. Therefore, the essence of the findings of this study is that this range is exposed to damage caused by environmental hazards. So that the drying of Lake Urmia affects the functions of human settlements in this region and if this trend continues, it will have irreparable effects on the environmental and human structures of this region. In addition, with the possibility of an earthquake in this area, one of the vulnerable areas of Tabriz metropolis and the surrounding rural settlements will be. Therefore, in order to prepare in advance, the resilience of local communities at the level of rural settlements is felt more than ever. Also, the study area, especially in the marginal areas of Lake Urmia in the cities of Azarshahr and Ajabshir against the dangers of floods is seriously vulnerable.

  The results showed that 62% of the study area was in high vulnerability, with its spatial distribution pattern mainly in the center of the region and within the administrative limits of counties like: Azarshahr, Ajabshir and Osko. In contrast, 43% of the area has a high capacity of resiliency and 27% of the total area is in a low resilient situation. In addition, a total of 168 rural areas have been recognized in identified areas with a low resilience capacity.

Lakes act as a system. Climate, mathematical position, physiographic features (including basin area, perimeter, length, shape, slope, aspect and time of concentration), rugged topography and gravity center (geometric gravity center of basin, geometric gravity center of lake, hydrological gravity center and geomorphological gravity center) are among the affecting factors of lakes survival or destruction. With regard to the peaks, the topographic lines and waterways of the 14 Iranian basins (Urmia, Gavkhoni, Maharloo, Meighan, Qom, Duranjyr, Jazmurian, Abarkuh, Bafegh, Ardestān, Yazd, Qatruyeh, Sirjan and Lut) have been delineated according to the peaks, topography and drainage lines in 1/50000 topographic maps and by the use of Arc GIS software. Altitude of water and dry equilibrium line in some of lakes such as Urmia, Gavkhoni, Meighan, Qom and Maharloo was extracted from the source documents. For the rest of basin lakes, reflected evidence in topographic maps was used. In climatic calculations, temperature and precipitation of the database Asfezari with 50 years duration was used. Lake water volume was calculated according to the altitude of water and dry equilibrium line and the volume of annual rainfall was computed based on basin area in geographic information system. By dividing the volume of lake's water by the volume of precipitation, runoff coefficients have been estimated. Afterwards, geomorphological gravity center and lake and basin's geometric gravity center were determined. Hydrological gravity center was estimated based on river's discharge data. Analyzing the result of holes, runoff coefficient showed the fact that Lut, Dranjyr, Gavkhoni, Abarkuh and Qom basins have allocated the lowest runoff coefficient. The similar coefficients of Gavkhoni and Qom basin's with Lute basin, represent how distanse between basins’ topographic center and geometric center can affect the amount of runoff coefficient. High runoff of Qatruyeh, Ardestān and Sirjan watersheds are as the result of complaining the lowest part of topography with geometric center of the basin. Gravity center of lake have located in the topographic center of Bafgh basin and, this affected the location of Meighan and Maharloo basins accordingly.

  The dewatering and hydrological conditions of the basins, in addition to the climate, depend on the physiographic and geological conditions. The emergence of numerous lakes with different origins in large areas is possible, but in a basin with an area of the Ghezloosen, it is a rare and uncommon thing. Known identity some of them are just spatial viwepoint. In this study, with a spatial viewpoint, the classification of the lake's morphogenesis and the multivariate effects of the environment and geomorphologic processes in the emergence of each of them. The basins area of Qezelowzan is among the Caspian Sea sub basins. The variation in lithology and faults has led to the formation of different conditions in this basin, so that has contributed to the formation of different landforms. One of the processes involved in the formation of landforms is stagnant waters, which is referred to as the process of the lake. For investigate the factors to create or to change of Qezelowzan basin lakes, the DEM 30 * 30 and extracted from the USGS, and topographic maps of 1: 50,000 and 1: 100000 geological and 1: 250000 was used. Using Arc GIS & an Arc map was digitized the layers such as waterway network, lithology, and faults. Using the Google Earth software, water aggregation sites were identified and their area was mapped or reconstructed, and the length, width, and area of each of them were calculated. For the reasoning of glacial lakes, the quaternary permanent boundary was estimated using the Wright and Porter method and based on this, the height of the equilibrium line was also determined. In Qaleh chai area more than 9 glacial lakes were identified. Granulometry was performed to confirm and document glacier lakes on local sediment samples.
Discussion and The basin area of Qezelowzan is more than 50 thousand square kilometers. The location of this basin is such that the junction and interference of morphtectonic land units of Central Iran, Alborz, Northwest of Iran, Sanandaj-Sirjan and Zagros. Such a situation leads to the emergence of different landforms influenced by many internal and external processes such as volcanoes, fracture, rupture, glacial, landslide, and changing levels are basically in the basins. Among these landforms, what is discussed in this article is landforms related to stagnant waters. The location of the accumulation of runoff in a region is recognizable by the convergent waterway network, which can be scarified after the evolution of the lake, with the help of the surface levels and the drains and the remaining convergent drainage network (Fig. 3). According to such evidence, 22 lakes were identified in the catchment area of Qezelowzan. 2 Kurd bad lakes in the Tarom area, 2 lakes in the southeastern slopes of the Sahand volcano, 9 lakes in Qalehchai, 6 lakes in Dandy, and 6 lakes as geonurons in the Qezelowzan. The results indicate that lakes of glacier, volcanic, landslid, chimestry and topographic origin are formed in 50,000-square-meter basins. The fault lines and mountins trands in this basin are such that Qezelowzan has to cut off their axis to reach the Caspian Sea. These conditions have triggered a period of time from places such as Bijar, Zanjan, Mianeh and Tarom as local lakes. Volcanic activity has caused the formation of two Almalo and Chogar Lakes in the this basin. The hight elevation of the different parts of the basin and the latitude above that area have provided for the quaternary glacial processes. In the part of the basin where the height and lithology conditions were favorable, the glacial could create U-shaped valleys, with the retreat of the glacier, the conditions for the capture of some of them were provided and created a lake. Most of these lakes have disappeared at the time of glacier retreat by changing the level of local rivers and domination of desertification erosion in the region. The earthquake of 1986 in the Tarom-Manjil region has created several lakes, one of which is the Kurd bad or Baklour Lake, which has slipped lakes by blocking part of the Ghangolichay River route. Changes in the water inputs of these lakes have caused them to become lakes only during the year. These lakes can be a living proof that during the Quaternary, Pasadenian orogeny movements created the final form of the Alpine-Himalayan fissures, causing numerous lakes to land on strikes that have been lost due to overflow.

Lake Urmia as the world's twentieth largest lake, one of the most important and valuable aquatic ecosystems Iran Ast.hvzh watershed of the Lake of 52331 square kilometers, of which 5822 square kilometers of the lake itself. Unfortunately, due to climate change, environmental non-compliance with certain principles lake is disappearing. In this paper, applied research - libraryAnd using the lake level fluctuations due to rainfall statistics, Temperature changes, fluctuations in lake levels, surface inflows to the lake, time and number of dams operation to compare the effects of natural and non-natural factors are discussed in the lake water level changes. Finally, studies show that climatic factors have less impact than the abnormal factors. All the Lake Urmia divided into three distinct areas1) First area: With very little depth and a gentle slope and the estuary of the rivers feeding the lake (Siminehrood and Zarineh), while the fertile deposits at lower cost can be restored and converted into agricultural land Secnd area: The mid-range is As an environmentally sensitive area and planting trees capable of salt-friendly and resistant to dehydration and need to be controlled. The third area: Internal limits that prevent the complete destruction of the lake region of Azerbaijan serves as gutters.