جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « کشورهای عربی » در نشریات گروه « جغرافیا »

Although the past efforts of the states of the Southwest Asia for a comprehensive coalition against common threats failed to reach the goal, in May 2017, the Arabian states near Persian Gulf by the supports of the new president of the U.S resumed their endeavors to form an Arabian military coalition. The Americans stated that they follow these actions for development of democracy in the region. However, based on hegemony theory initially coined by Joseph Nye, global powers encourage some states to form coalition in order to seek their own interests by predomination over the target countries. Therefore, this is the possible coalition that may have many geopolitical aspects and also a plenty of political and security consequences for Iran and the geopolitical region of South East Asia. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate geopolitical factors of American interests in forming an Arabian military coalition in Persian Gulf and its effects on economic and military security of Islamic Republic of Iran. This research is applied and cross impact analysis as a method in future research is used. Using the cross impact analysis, we have taken the opinions of experts about the impacts of the components on each other. The opinions of the experts have been ranged from 0 to 3 for the components. Thus, the integrated position of each component is determined for the problem. The cross impact technique has helped us to discriminate impressive, effective, determinative, independent goal, dual, risk, and secondary variables from each other. This is for more precise analysis of the problem. The US during many decades continuously endeavored to be present in the Southwest Asia, particularly Persian Gulf. The state is looking for many economic, social, and even military interests in the region. Thus, the state spent huge costs for the presence in the region. Iran was able to increase its influence and hegemony on some countries of the region and make the states to follow similar policies in the region. Iran was also able to enforce resistance in the region. Thus, the US and its allies are afraid of the influence of Iran.
They try to confederate with Arabian states of Persian Gulf and some other countries to form the Arabian military coalition to guarantee their interests in the region and enforce Zionism as well as to prevent development of geopolitical influence of Iran in the region. Therefore, the present research has attempted to assess the reasons of the interests of US for shaping the coalition. Applying the approach of hegemony theory, we have analyzed the role the US played in southwest Asia to shape an Arabian military coalition. Based on the theory, this is the global power that encourages some states to form military coalition, as this is the case for the Arabian states around the Persian Gulf. Such confederation and intervention can result in negative consequences for all the member states and also the security of the region. According to the results of this research, increased power and geopolitical influence of Islamic Republic of Iran in the Southwest Asian region is one of the main concerns of US. Thus, the state makes any attempts to present the condition and weaken Iran. Another concern of the US in the region is decreased military power of Zionism. This made the US to keep its presence in the region and form a coalition in the framework of hegemony theory in order to provide its interests at the highest level. Addition to these two causes of American actions in the region, development of Islam religion and increase in global tendency towards the religion also concerned the state. The increased presence of American rivals including China and Russia in the region and their extensive economic and military activities in the region is considered as a threat by the USA. These issues have motivated the Americans to seek to form mandatory and stable coalitions in the region.
This study has indicated that the main goals of the US in the region are increase in economic relations with the states of Southwest Asia, dominance over the geographical position of the region, political dominance over the heads of the Southwest Asian states, dominance over oil and other economic resources of the region, predomination on military bases in the Persian Gulf region, and making changes in life styles of people of the region. These goals are important for the country to provide long term interests of the global power in the region. Other components such as development of democracy in the region are not the goals of the US. In other words, development of democracy in the Southwest Asia which was stated by America as its goal in the region is not, in fact, the main goal of the state for formation of the coalition.
Based on the findings, economic and military security of Iran is threatened by formation of the coalition. Thus, it is necessary for the diplomacy of Iran to make further efforts to mitigate the Iran-phobia in the region. In other words, as the formation of the Arabian military coalition can endanger the security and economic conditions of Iran, the government of Iran has to prevent the formation of the coalition and weaken its development. So, Iranian government has to make the world aware of its peaceful purposes and reduce the Irano-phobia among the countries of the region. Additionally, Iran has to make the neighboring states aware of the great damages this coalition may have for all the states of the region and the highest benefits of that for the Americans.

From the ancient times, border disputes and territorial expansionism always have been existed between countries and states and they have been the main factors in creation of warfare among them. The first step to fixing boundaries was gaited in Europe by Westphalia treaty. Fixing boundaries and resolving border disputes in Europe didn’t completed even after the Second World War and continued to collapse of theSoviet Union. But in the most regions of the world such as the Persian Gulf, we can observe countless conflicts in the field of territorial and border issues. This regions from the advent of its southern margin countries, always has been the scene of many conflicts and disputes and approximately all Arab countries of this region have border disputes with each other and most of these disputes up to now have been remained stable.
In this article, we try to answer this question that: what is the main reason of disappointment of Arab countries in the region of Persian Gulf to settlement the border disputes among them?
2. Research The Research methodology is analytical- descriptive and in collecting the required information and data, library method is used.
3-1.the procedure of creating region's border
The collapse of Turkish Empire and the decades after that, is a very important era for Middle East. What happened in these decisive decades, is the apparent sovereignty of European on the region that changed and redraw the international borders and leaded to advent of new countries.
In the central Middle East, the intervention of European powers had the most influence on political map of the region. In the Persian Gulf, by undertaking contracts that Britain imposed on the sheikhdoms in south coast of the Persian Gulf from the early nineteenth century, the region was completely under British rule. So this colonial power in order to gain its goals, determined the region's borders.
3-2. border- territorial disputes between Arab countries of the region
The borders of this region consists of sea and land borders. In this writing, we stress specially on the land borders and then deliberate the discrepancies between them.
The disputes between Saudi Arabia – Oman and Abu Dhabi about Buraimi Oasis: Buraimi Oasis include nine villages that have mixture tribal descent. By using the tribal nationalities, Abu Dhabi – Oman and Saudi Arabia could claim about the all or a part of Borimi oases. Britain in 1955 on behalf of Abu Dhabi, without obtaining the consent of Saudi Arabia appointed a mete. In 1974 united Arab emirates and Saudi Arabia compromised by 1955 ridge. The border between Oman and Abu Dhabi was drawn; so that the six villages of Buraimi remained in Abu Dhabi and three villages remained in Oman. But in 2005, the border disputes between Saudi Arabia and emirates about the borimi oases restarted again.
Territorial disputes between Iraq and Kuwait: By the independence of Kuwait from Britain, Iraq based on that Kuwait is a part of Basra state in Turkish era, has claimed periodically the sovereignty on this sheikhdom. Iraq also has some claims about Warbah and Bubiyan islands. Indeed, the most important reasons of Iraq for attaching Kuwait to its soil, was the lack of free access of this country to the Persian Gulf. Another factor that had influence in Iraq policy toward Kuwait is accessing to oil fields.
The territorial disputes of Saudi Arabia and Qatar: Saudi Arabia and Qatar in 1992 have long borders disagreements. Riyadh and Doha by signing an agreement, concealed temporarily their disputes. In July 2008, Saudi Arabia and Qatar agreed to resolve the Khawr al Udayddisputes between emirates, Saudi Arabia and Qatar. But the state of United Arab Emirates besides protesting to Qatar, associated any determination of the borders in the Khawr al Udayd region to agreement of this country. The procedure of foresaid disputes has been continued practically. Saudi Arabia tries to access the Persian Gulf's coastlines in Qatar peninsula and then access to the largest in operation gas field in the world.
The territorial disputes of Saudi Arabia and Yemen: The first border agreement between Saudi Arabia and Yemen that is known as Taif, was signed in 1934. In 2000, Yemen state in order to reducing tensions and Saudi Arabia's interventions, signed the Jeddah agreement with Saudi Arabia and recognized Taif agreement. But the tensions between the two countries didn’t end by this agreement. Indeed, the disputes of the two countries consist of vast areas. Yemen has territorial claims about three oil rich provinces such as: Asir- Najran and Jizan that now are handled by Saudi Arabia; on the other side, the territorial claims of Saudi Arabia about Yemen is broader and include the oil rich province of Hadhramautin Yemen thatdue to standing beside Indian ocean, has strategic importance.
The territorial disputes of Saudi Arabia and Kuwait: The disputes of Kuwait and Saudi Arabia refers to the early twentieth century and the claims of Ibn Saud about Kuwait. The last border agreement among Saudi Arabia and Kuwait happened in 2000. Iran and Iraq are opposed to this agreement. Iran protests to this agreement because this agreement virtually violated the agreement of Iran and England (Arab's foreign policy officer) in 1965. Also, by regarding to the agreement of Kuwait and Saudi Arabia about commonly use of stratum and substrate's resources in the two sides of the border, Saudi Arabia practically enters to the shared oil and gas resources between Kuwait and Iran.
The disputes of Saudi Arabia and Iraq: In January 1991 that western allied forces by leading America attacked to Iraq from the north east of Saudi Arabia, Iraq canceled all its international contacts that were issued with Saudi Arabia from 1968. This action of Iraq consisted the border agreements of 1975 and 1981. Saudi Arabia in the summer 1991 submitted all its documents of border treaties with Iraq in the United Nations organization. While this country because of its land claims that has on the Persian Gulf's sheikhdoms in order to expansionism policy, it never likes to settlement the border disputes with them but in the case of Iraq, because the fear of Saddam expansionism, it became pioneer to recognize the past treaties.
The disputes of Qatar and Bahrain: Mutual claims of Bahrain and Qatar toward the possession of Hawar islands is the greatest disputes that put two countries in the limen of perfect war in 1986. Finally this subject was referred to the international court of justice. This court eventually in 2001 send out its verdict about territorial disputes between the two countries. But border disputes again in 2010 was heated. In this dispute although territorial expansionism trends between the two neighbors toward some parts of each other's soil were clear, but the strategic situation of tourist islands of Hawar that have oil resources, have had the most influence in creation of disputes between the two countries.
The border and territorial disputes in the Persian Gulf in high level are being seen. The presence of European colonialists specially the British that handled the region from the early nineteenth century and appointed all the borders of the region in line with their imperialist benefits, has a great influence in creation of these disputes. After 1971 that Britain left the Persian Gulf, border and territorial disputes between the region's states started and leaded to numerous conflicts. Most of these disputes are remained up to now. There are some factors that impede consensus between the countries of the region to form an eventual and stable solution for settlement the border disputes. But the reason of this article is stressing on the two important and effective factors in this context that one of them is expansionism trend among the Arab countries in the Persian Gulf's zone and another is the strategic situation of the conflicts areas in terms of oil discovery and military situation. Saudi Arabia and Iraq and partly less, other sheikhdoms are the objective examples in this field. So, aggression of Saudi Arabia to Yemen and occupancy of Asir area, military aggression to Abu Dhabi and Oman and occupation of Borimi area, transgression to Qatar and occupation the south of this country and its territorial greed toward Kuwait are arisen from this policy. Although Saudi Arabia prefers to actualize its policy by regional convergence, but in several cases, using vigor and military force shows its powerful expansionism leanings. Also Iraq's aggression to its neighbors in Saddam era can be evaluated in the form of Baghdad's expansionism policies because of queering in geopolitical – strategic straits and economical profits such as: seizing the oil's income of Kuwait and Iran's Khuzestan. These two factors with low and high intensity can be generalized to the otherPersian Gulf's sheikhdoms.

Terrorism is a global phenomenon that in present act locally which the intense of its killing and destroyed in Islam is more than another areas and the globally and locally powers in western axis of Arabia used from the tools of terrorism and terrorism groups as own van to re-dividing the world in 21 century. The initial organizing of salafi s terrorism groups was 1984 and the organized Al-ghaedeh with the aim of fighting militia with Soviet in Afghanistan and from 2010 by start of public revolution to battle with revolutions and dominance of Iran in south, south-west and Africa have very intensive. Using from terrorism depends on international position and competition of area countries that to control and free these groups. Arab s countries in Persian Gulf basin with five total financial, military roles, impression, locally and media beddering are competing with Iran and to help to forming and developing terrorism. In this study, we follow answer to this question that what is the role of Arab s countries of Persian Gulf basin in developing and antecedence of locally terrorism? What is the effect of locally terrorism in national security of Iran? The results of this study are showing that financial assistance of Arab s countries is the most effective factors to develops terrorism so that 40% from famous people and most financial protector of terrorism are from Arab s citizenship, %43 are from another countries related to Arabia, %9 from Kuwait %6 from Qatar, and %2 Bahrain. By attending to above cases of terrorism in 3 national, locally and globally levels, are affecting on Iran. This study provided by library, interview and observation method and to drawing maps used from GIS.