جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « urban sprawl » در نشریات گروه « جغرافیا »

This study seeks to find the financial and economic consequences of urban sprawl on urban management. For this purpose, it uses an interpretive approach and a systematic Meta-synthesis method. The statistical population is the findings of other researchers in the field of urban sprawl in the period 1970-2022. The data were encoded and interpreted using MAXQDA software. The results show that the financial and economic benefits of urban sprawl fall into seven categories: 'real Estate Income; business, sales and services; government subsidies; reduction in security costs; reduction in the cost of environment and urban services; reduction in physical costs and urban development; and reduction in the cost of transportation and traffic. But the costs of urban sprawl include "social and cultural costs; transportation and traffic costs; physical and urban development costs; environmental and urban services costs; current and administrative services costs; security and emergency services costs”. Most researchers have acknowledged that the sprawl costs far more than the financial and economic benefits to the city, with most of the costs being borne by the environment and urban services, as well as transportation and traffic. Regarding the benefits of urban sprawl, researchers have emphasized the benefits of real estate. In many cities around the world, including cities in developing countries, extensive urban land ownership and physical assets mean that taxes and charges on them can significantly increase public revenues, which can continue to increase as urban productivity increases. It seems that until there is not a fundamental change in the financial structure of urban management; the process of urban sprawl is inevitable

Today, the optimal pattern of urban growth is one of the important topics of sustainable urban development. Therefore, the efforts of urban planners are to replace desirable urban patterns instead of sprawl, horizontal, unplanned, and unstable patterns. Therefore, to determine the spatiotemporal pattern of the growth of Bandar Abbas city in 36 years and formulate strategies for sustainable land planning, this research has examined the pattern of urban growth in three modes internal, external, and edge growth over time. To achieve the goal of the research, remote sensing techniques, geographic information system, landscape expansion index, Area weighted Mean expansion index, and the density of built areas in concentric zones around the organic core of the city have been used. In this regard, changes in the land cover through the classification of satellite images of four periods of 1987, 1999, 2010, and 2023 into five classes of built-up areas, barren lands, vegetation, coastal wetlands, and water zone using the maximum likelihood method. Determining the probability of conversion, the results of the research showed that in the 36-year period, the built-up lands had the largest area changes, and the barren lands had a decrease in area, and since 2009, the vegetation cover has faced a sharp decrease. Area. The results of the analysis of the landscape expansion index and the weighted average of the regional expansion index showed that in the first period (1987-1999) the city had an edge pattern and in the second period (1987-2010) it was inner and edge. The growth has increased and the pattern of the city has become denser and more compact and in the third period (2010-2023) the city has gone towards dispersion and instability. Finally, sustainable land planning tools have been presented.

The ever-increasing growth of the population of cities, under the influence of population growth and migration to cities, has caused unstable conditions in the pattern of urban development. The widespread and sprawl development around the city causes an increase in fuel consumption, air pollution, an increase in the cost of access to services, destruction of agricultural and garden lands around the city, and a decrease in the quality of landscapes. Therefore, urban planners consider urban growth patterns to solve urban problems and achieve sustainable urban development. In 1995, Forman divided urban growth patterns into three main classes: internal or endogenous development, edge or connected development, and external or detached development, which is an unstable form of urban development. Since the middle of the 20th century, urban sprawl refers to low-density development, scattered and far from urban centers, which causes the destruction of open lands and agricultural lands around the city. This development happens when the area of the city does not respond to the population added to the city and the expansion to the periphery causes the dispersion of urban functions outside the administrative boundaries. On the other hand, one of the most successful models of sustainable urban development in the world is endogenous development, whose main goal is balanced, balanced, and sustainable development. In endogenous development, instead of expanding the city to the periphery, the growth of the city takes place vertically and endogenously in the inner areas of the city, for this purpose, policies such as improving and renovating worn-out and old structures in the city and unused lands and land Empty spaces in the city are used for new developments. The case example of this research is the city of Bandar Abbas, which in recent years, under the influence of the rapid growth of population and area, has caused urban fragmentation and spatial instability of this city. For this purpose, policies such as improving and renovating worn-out and old structures in the city and unused lands and empty lands in the city are used for new developments. The case example of this research is the city of Bandar Abbas, which in recent years, under the influence of the rapid growth of population and area, has caused urban fragmentation and spatial instability of this city.

In this research, satellite images of 1987, 1999, 2010, and 2023 have been used to prepare maps of different land covers. These satellite images have been classified using ENVI software and training samples with a supervised classification method and maximum likelihood algorithm. Based on the purpose of this research, five classes of vegetation cover, bare land, built-up land, coastal wetland, and water zone have been considered. Also, the basis of the analysis of temporal spatial changes of three types of internal, sprawl, and edge expansion in this research is the land cover maps, for this purpose, the landscape expansion index, the weighted average expansion index of the area and the density of built areas in the area Concentric circles around the organic core of the city have been used.

The results obtained from the analysis of land cover changes indicate the upward trend of built-up lands from 1987 to 2023 so that in the 36-year period, built-up lands have increased by 3185.758 hectares. In contrast, barren lands have had a significant downward trend due to their conversion into built-up lands. These changes in recent years, in addition to the destruction of vegetation, and the destruction of natural landscapes, have caused the loss of urban cohesion and integration, and urban fragmentation and instability. The results of the analysis of the landscape expansion index and the weighted average expansion index of the region and the density of three types of internal, external, and edge growth around the organic core of the city, as well as edge and expansion and continuous growth on the outskirts of the city in line with the communication axes towards the edge The city in the period of 1987-1999 and 1999-2010 shows that in the period of 1999-2010, the intensity of intensive internal and edge growth increases. In the period of 2010-2023, the lands built separately and individually will grow significantly. Therefore, they create a bad and unbalanced urban growth. The strategies in five axes include 1) the use of barren lands within the city, 2) the redevelopment of unsuitable and abandoned lands within the city, 3) the redevelopment of old and dilapidated built areas within the city, 4) the use of higher density of buildings instead of development Low density is provided to the periphery of the city and 5) the use of the green belt.

Spatial and temporal planning of sustainable urban growth patterns requires analysis of land cover changes, formulation of strategies, and planning measures to modify and improve the state of urban growth patterns based on the proposed principles and suggested strategies of this research. The methods and strategies used in this article can be a guide for urban planners in guiding and controlling the physical changes of cities with the aim of improving the structure and performance of cities and as a result, improving the quality of life of citizens.

Today, the significant increase in the use of private cars affects public transportation and is one of the most prominent issues in many cities. This issue can lead to harmful environmental consequences such as traffic congestion, global warming, climate change, environmental pollution and socio-economic problems. Therefore, the consequences of these problems can be avoided by implementing the principles of transportation-oriented development in Tabriz city. In fact, by using the transportation-oriented development approach, it is possible to turn Tabriz into a development center through planning and organizing important public transportation centers. The purpose of this research is to analyze the factors affecting the future planning of transportation-oriented development of Tabriz city.   

This research was carried out in terms of applied purpose and in terms of descriptive-analytical and survey methodology using a researcher-made questionnaire. The structural equation model was used to test the hypotheses. The statistical community includes experts in the field of strategic planning and foresight of transportation development in Tabriz city. The sampling method in this research is random purposeful sampling. Usually, the number of experts is chosen between 10-50 people, and in this research, 20 experts and specialists were questioned. Convergent validity test was used for the validity of the questions and Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to check the reliability of the questions. The statistical analysis of the data was done by structural equation method in SmartPLS and SPSS software. The indicators examined in this research include: density, urban development, economic development, real estate value, environment, health of the city and citizens, choice and type of travel, greenhouse effects.

According to the results, the lack of a practical and efficient planning approach that includes a wide range of urban planning components including transportation, land use, and infrastructure requires researchers to develop integrated planning methods. One of these approaches, which can adequately deal with the planning of scattered urban areas, is transportation-oriented development planning. The sensitivity analysis showed that changing the weight of indicators in optimistic, pessimistic and average views has no significant effect on the levels of transportation-oriented development. As a result, the determined transportation development levels showed a high degree of reliability at the neighborhood scale in Tabriz city. According to the purpose of the research, 3 scenarios were done, according to the results of the research, the first scenario is sustainable and green transportation. It is an optimistic scenario in which most of the goals of sustainable transportation have been realized. The second scenario (continuation of the status quo and dependence on private cars): In this scenario, the continuation of the status quo in the transportation network and car ownership and the tendency to use private cars among citizens has increased. The third scenario (chaos): It is a scenario in which there is a long distance to reach the goals of sustainable transportation. 

Transportation within the city of Tabriz is facing problems such as weak public transportation, increase in car ownership, crowded roads, inappropriate use of land, lack of side facilities, etc. The failure to solve these problems along with the uncertainties that may occur in the future can cause a crisis and will definitely take us away from the goals of sustainable development. Planning in the field of transportation and achieving sustainable development requires a long-term view that is associated with uncertainty; therefore, it requires the use of approaches that have the ability to deal with uncertainties. The lack of a functional and efficient planning approach including a wide range of urban planning components including transportation, land use, and infrastructure requires researchers to develop integrated planning methods.

Urban sprawl and its environmental impacts are important components of global environmental change research and are a key issue for sustainable development. To understand and manage land use change and to direct urban development plans, it is important to examine the drivers of urban sprawl. The purpose of the research is analysis of drivers of urban sprawl in Ahvaz city. This research is descriptive-analytic and in terms of objective, applied analytic. The method of data collection is library-documentary and survey. To complete the questionnaire, the opinions of 50 researchers who have conducted research in relation to the city of Ahvaz and related managers and experts have been used. In order to investigate the effect of dimensions (drivers), the second order confirmatory factor analysis was used in LISREL software. The 45 identified driver affecting the urban sprawl of Ahvaz are classified into 7 dimensions including management, legal, social, economic, physical-spatial, environmental, and transportation. The results show that the economic dimension with a coefficient of 0.88 has the highest impact, followed by social (0.87), management (0.76), physical-spatial (0.72), legal (0.71), transportation (0.61) and environmental dimensions, respectively. (0.58) are located.Urban sprawl and its environmental impacts are important components of global environmental change research and are a key issue for sustainable development. To understand and manage land use change and to direct urban development plans, it is important to examine the drivers of urban sprawl. The purpose of the research is analysis of drivers of urban sprawl in Ahvaz city. This research is descriptive-analytic and in terms of objective, applied analytic. The method of data collection is library-documentary and survey. To complete the questionnaire, the opinions of 50 researchers who have conducted research in relation to the city of Ahvaz and related managers and experts have been used. In order to investigate the effect of dimensions (drivers), the second order confirmatory factor analysis was used in LISREL software. The 45 identified driver affecting the urban sprawl of Ahvaz are classified into 7 dimensions including management, legal, social, economic, physical-spatial, environmental, and transportation. The results show that the economic dimension with a coefficient of 0.88 has the highest impact, followed by social (0.87), management (0.76), physical-spatial (0.72), legal (0.71), transportation (0.61) and environmental dimensions, respectively. (0.58) are located.

Urban sprawl, is the encroachment of urban land uses on non-urban land, which in recent years has become one of the challenges of planning the spatial development of cities around the world. The purpose of this study is to identify and measure the dimensions and urban sprawl reflections of urban surface in Rasht. The method of this research is descriptive-analytical. In order to measure and study the urban sprawl, first land use maps were created by using Landsat satellite images in four classes (urban and built areas, water and paddy areas, forests and agricultural lands as well as gardens) .They, also, used spatial metrics (Class Area, Number of Patch, Patch Density, Total Edge, Edge Density, Mean Shape Index, Area Weighted Mean Shape Index, Euclidean Nearest-Neighbor Distance, Proximity Index, Aggregation Index) in two levels of class and landscape to calculate the Rasht city Urban sprawl surface via FRAGSTATS software. The results of the research show that urban areas have grown increasingly and several urban plots have emerged. Along with this growth, agricultural land and paddy fields have lost their spatial cohesion and integrity and have turned into considerable number of plots. The coefficient of 103% increase in urban class over a period of 26 years (1993-2019) indicates the rapid change of spatial dynamics of the city into physical dispersion, which, in turn, is generally associated with land use change, land cover change and destruction of natural and terrestrial resources outside and around the city.

A B S T R A C T
The growth of urbanization, which has usually been accompanied by economic growth had negative consequences such as social inequalities, poverty, environmental crises, class differences, poor housing and homelessness, and informal settlements. One of the characteristics of third world cities such as Isfahan city is urban poverty. In these cities, there are always a limited number of neighborhoods in welfare and comfort, and at the opposite point, some residents do not enjoy these urbanization benefits. Awareness and study of different dimensions of urban poverty and evaluation of poverty indicators and assessing the needs of citizens living below the urban standard in informal settlements, in management and decision-making and achieving urban welfare in urban regeneration to improve the existing conditions and residents' satisfaction can be very be effectiveness. According to the mentioned cases, the purpose of this study is to analyze the indicators of urban poverty in the 14th district of Isfahan in order to have informal settlements. The type of applied research is in the framework of descriptive-analytical methods and for data collection, survey and documentary methods and for their analysis, descriptive statistical techniques, one-sample T analysis have been used. From the findings of the research and analysis of indicators and the study of case studies, it can be said that the employment and economic conditions dimension with a total average of 2.07 and the housing dimension with a total average of 2.11 are lower than the standard average and more dissatisfaction. At the same time, urban services and facilities under the physical indicator is more satisfied, but less than the average standard, and as a result, by improving economic conditions and paying attention to public services and urban facilities, the urban poverty of these areas can be reduced.
Extended abstract

Despite all the efforts made, there is still the problem of poverty, especially in big cities, and with the increase in population and the limited resources of these cities to respond to the expectations and needs caused by the change in lifestyle, urban poverty is also expanding, and therefore its importance is increasing day by day. Currently, there are no tools that can eradicate poverty and change the fate of people. Therefore, the task of geography and urban planning is to look for solutions to reduce it.
Region 14 of Isfahan Municipality in the northeast of this city with an area of 1938 hectares has 12 neighbourhoods, five neighbourhoods of Dark, Arznan, Zainabieh, Sudan and Batan are among the villages around the city of Isfahan, which have been included in the urban area during the past decades. Ignoring the trend of economic development in the neighbourhoods mentioned above has not hindered the operation of parts of it, especially the border strip of Amman Samani, Arznan, Imam Khomeini and Mantazer al-Mahdi areas in the form of an informal land and housing market in Isfahan. Currently, some of the mentioned neighbourhoods, after The integration of several informal settlements in areas with a rural context and newly built settlements have been connected to the main body of the city. The main goal of this research is to analyze the indicators of urban poverty in informal settlements in the 14th district of Isfahan City so that based on the findings, it can take a step towards reducing urban poverty.
 

he current research is applied research in terms of the subject matter, and in terms of the nature of the methodology, it is in the framework of descriptive-analytical methods, and to collect data, documentary and field methods based on observation and questionnaires were used. Validity has been confirmed by the authors of the article in the form of a superficial examination of the indicators and the fit of the items with the indicators, and for its reliability using Cronbach's alpha. The statistical population of the research is based on the population of the study area of 164,850 people, using Cochran's formula, 382 questionnaires were prepared and selected as the sample population. The mentioned questionnaire in the first part deals with personal characteristics and the second part with measuring urban poverty variables. To measure the identification indicators, by using the questionnaire of experts, which included 30 professors and experts in geography and urban planning, urban planning and civil engineering, the indexers were weighted, and the indexers whose average was higher than the standard limit (3) have been measured (Table No. 2). Based on the mentioned materials and studies, urban poverty has been evaluated in the form of five economic, social and cultural, physical, spatial, environmental and management indicators and 51 sub-indexes.
 

Urban environments are complex systems with complex phenomena, multiple relationships and interactions between components. In the meantime, urban poverty has faced a kind of heterogeneity, heterogeneity, duality or severe polarization and imbalance and balance of cities, as a kind of dual cities has found a spatial aspect in the form of the areas of the poor and the rich. In such a way that on the one hand, we can witness the lack of services, problems and social disorders and anomalies, social breakdown, poor access to infrastructure services and the decline of social, economic, physical and environmental indicators and on the other hand the best city services belong to a certain part of the city. and you can see a good quality of life. According to these conditions, a kind of duality and urban contradiction has been formed, as on one side of the cities, there are marginal and dilapidated neighbourhoods with the lowest quality of life, and they suffer from the lack of desirable urban facilities and services, poverty, deprivation, high population density, and numerous social harms and anomalies. And on the other hand, there are luxury and expensive houses, desirable neighbourhoods in terms of livability and excellent urban facilities and services.
 

According to the research conducted in 2018, the investigated neighbourhoods have a high population density and in terms of income, about 70% of them have an income of fewer than three million Tomans, and more than two households live in more than 50% of the residential units. In terms of the small size of residential units, more than 40% of them have an area of less than 100 square meters. Their main priority is living expenses with an average of more than 50%, improving the physical condition of housing and moving to another place is mentioned. By examining all the desired dimensions to measure citizens' satisfaction with services and resources to investigate urban poverty, it can be seen that the dimension of employment and economic conditions with a total average of 2.07 and the dimension of housing with a total average of 2.11 are lower than the average standard and dissatisfaction It is more among the residents.
 
Funding
There is no funding support.
 
Authors’ Contribution
All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.
 
Conflict of Interest
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
 
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

Increasing trend of urbanization particularly in developing countries has led to urban sprawl. Urban sprawl in Tehran has led to several challenges in achieving sustainable development. A spatial analysis on urban sprawl in traffic area zones (TAZ) of Tehran has been investigated for the past two decades (2001-2020) using the Weighted Urban Proliferation (WUP) method. Then, the minimum access distance between each pair of TAZ-hospital has been calculated using Network Analysis and the relation between sprawl determinants and accessibility has been investigated. Finally, the Lorenz curves and Gini coefficients have been calculated. Results show that the sprawl level has decreased significantly in Tehran over the past two decades. Consequently, because of the direct relationship between dispersion and access distance, the maximum distance to the nearest hospitals has been reduced about 3 kilometers. However, the calculated Gini coefficients show a 10% growth over the study period; in a way that, in 2001, 90% of hospital opportunities were distributed among 29% of population, while in 2020 the same share of opportunities are distributed among only 7% of population. Results indicate that urban sprawl reduction can only increase accessibility standards and promoting equity of accessibility requires proper attention and management of socio-economic variables along with urban sprawl.

Physical-Spatial Analysis of Hamadan Urban Areas Based on Integration of Smart Growth Indicators. Urban growth management improves the economic and social paths using smart growth principles which surveys expanding new urban development through stabilizing and revitalizing existing neighborhoods. In fact, smart growth is a planning theory that emphasizes stopping the spreading of the city.This study aims to analyze and evaluate four regions of Hamadan city’s acquiring of different smart growth indicators. This study is applied research in terms of objective and descriptive in terms of method and the TOPSIS multi-criteria decision-making model is used for spatial analysis of urban smart growth indicators. This study is applied research in terms of objective and descriptive in terms of method and the TOPSIS multi-criteria decision-making model is used for spatial analysis of urban smart growth indicators. The results indicate that area one with TOPSIS combined score of 0.7569 ranked first (acquired), area two with TOPSIS score of 0.5143 ranked second (semi-acquired) area three with TOPSIS score of 0.4669 ranked third (deprived) and area four with TOPSIS score of 0.3136 ranked fourth (deprived). Therefore, the distribution of smart growth indicators in Hamadan city has not been fairly distributed, and there is a great difference among the Hamadan city districts so that there are all types of acquired, semi-acquired and deprived zoning in the four districts of Hamadan. In addition, population distribution indicates that the population density has been very high in the areas close to the city center of Hamadan (Imam Khomeini Square) and the first and second rings, and the population density has gradually decreased in the outskirts. Keyword: urban sprawl, smart growth, density, topsis model, hamedan

The compact city as a tool to limit energy consumption and urban sprawl is a key element in the sustainable city debate. The purpose of this research is Identify and investigate the drivers to use the compact city in Ahvaz city. The present research is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of descriptive-analytical method. The statistical population includes 10 city managers and researchers in Ahvaz. The ANP technique has been used as a tool to prioritize the drivers. The results show that the population growth driver has earned the highest rating and then respectively located low building density in the city, increased migration, long distances from services and commercial centers, need for housing, More spatial disintegration, internal deterioration, hot weather, the presence of vacant lands, decreased security due to vacant lands, reduced surveillance and increased crime in suburban areas, pollution due to improper location of heavy polluting industries in urban areas, pollution caused by private cars, inadequate water and sewage services in law-density neighborhoods and suburbs, Increased surface runoff due to expansion of impermeable areas, loss of palms and agricultural lands, cost of construction for the owner, inadequate service of the bus organization in the suburbs, increasing energy costs, high cost of facilities and infrastructure, increasing travel costs, increasing flood vulnerability due to construction along the river, youth population and desire for urban life, young households 'demand for housing, low-income households' desire to live in apartments, the tendency of owners and peddlers to increase the number of floors, inadequate service of taxi drivers in low-density neighborhoods and suburbs, suitable slope for construction, inadequate service of cultural centers in low-density neighborhoods and suburbs.

The pace of urbanization in the world especially in developing countries in the recent decades has caused urban environment instability challenges. One of the problems is horizontal and immethodical expansion that has caused traffic, more use of energy, more environmental pollution and social isolation. If urban management is trying to control and reduce the urban problems to present urban expansion models, then it should reconsider urban planning methods and create efficient models in urban environments.This essay is aimed to present modern and efficient methods of urban structures by clarifying the infill development model and urban high-rise construction method and is also trying to answer the question that: " Can high-rise construction be an acceptable method of urban endogenous development in Bojnurd as a medium-sized city? " by conducting library and field studies and a practical research method.Bojnourd is a medium-sized city in the northeast of the country.The city has an area of more than 3,000 hectares and a population of about 250,000. The results show that Bojnurd expansion has faced urban sprawl over the past 20 years and about 70 hectares have been added to the city area while the available area of the city has the endogenous development potential and standard compact construction; and checking the population compaction, land value and urban pathways capacity and the questionnaire outcomes done by urban managers show that in some peripheral areas of the city, there is the potential of high-rise construction up to 6 floors in order to prevent the immethodical city expansion.

With increase in population in recent decades, the main concern of cities has been to deal with unplanned development and prevent the problems caused by it. By referring to historical documents, it is proved that human beings are always looking for a systematic system. One of the problems of population growth is the horizontal growth or sprawl of the city, which leads to problems such as improper land use and, consequently, environmental, economic, social and physical problems. The method adopted in this research is analytical-descriptive and applied and the phenomenon has been analyzed by using content analysis and case study methods .The required information has been collected by the method of libraries and the information about Bastak city has been collected in the form of a combination of available resources, field visits, use of satellite photos and images and their comparison in different time periods as well as questions from informed people. Then the data have been analyzed the data with Excel and Arc GIS programs as well as the Heldern model. The results show that segregation plans between 2006 and 2020 have caused the sprawl of this city and there are also two types of sprawl, linear branching and clustering. In the end, Some suggestions have been represented such as preventing and confronting traders and Stock traders, using and exploiting unused areas within the tissue, encouraging the public to build with high density, mass construction and virtualization by allocating loans and facilities to prevent and control this phenomenon in Bastak.

Urban growth and creepsprawl is a dynamic and if this process continuous so fast and unplanned, in addition urban spaces could not creating a good physical composition. Also, it will create many problems in various social, economic and environmental areas for the urban space. It will be a model of a sick city that has suffered from the damage caused by this growing disorder from the development of the city. This form of physical growth of the city is in conflict with the sustainable development of the city.CreepSprawl is generally seen as a low-density, unplanned, and irregularly growing phenomenon outside of urban centers. Compared to intensive development city, urban creepsprawl develops more peripheral spaces and absorbs areas around the city. And so it destroys many rural settlements and agricultural land uses, challenging the countryside ecosystem.Damavand city in the northeast of Tehran metropolis has also been strongly affected by the mentioned conditions. This city to the above problems has been increasingly expanding from the center to the natural and rural suburbs around the central city in recent decades. Problems caused by urban management weaknesses, in order to create an unfavorable role in controlling the conditions governing the growth and physical development of Damavand city. The city of Damavand, towards uncontrolled growth, led to the surrounding natural and rural spaces, especially in the northern and southern parts. Therefore, the present study examines the different dimensions of the negative effects to urban creepsprawl in Damavand city.Theoretical FoundationsThe creepsprawl phenomenon in a variety of ways, from the perspective of developmental aesthetics to local street patterns can be described. There are several common features that encompass literature that can be help researchers to understand and even measure it. These include: 1. Low-density, single-family homes; 2. Dependence on cars; 3. Existence of creepsprawl growth outside urban centers; 4. Growth creepsprawling pattern; 5. Extension of urban growth; 6. Unspecified boundaries between urban areas and rural areas. By examining the theoretical literature of urban creepsprawl, these theories can be categorized under five heading groups.

This research is applied in terms of purpose, and in terms of the nature and method of data collection and analysis is quantitative, and descriptive-survey in terms of implementation method. Data collection tools are the standard questionnaire of the European Environment Agency on the subject of "urban creepsprawl" along with field observations. This questionnaire was designed to evaluate the effects of urban creepsprawl from the perspective of urban development stakeholders. Based on this, the citizens living in the native or permanent city of Damavand were considered as statistical population. The Likert range consisted of five options for answering questions. The Cochran's formula was used at the error level of 0.05 to determine the sample size. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to evaluate the reliability of the research instrument. Based on the population of Damavand city, the last official census of the country (2016) and using Cochran's formula, the sample size was estimated to be 384 people. Samples were selected by simple random sampling. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to check the normality of the data. Finally, after ensuring that the data were normal, an inferential and parametric test was used to analyze the data.

The data in this part of the study have a high reliability (0.85). In all items, the t-test value was 95% significant. Also, the average obtained in all cases is higher than acceptable. The findings show that from the perspective of respondents, urban creepsprawl has a negative impact on Damavand's natural resources and environmental countryside ecosystem. This situation shows that in general, the items that affect the impact of urban creepsprawl on water and soil resources are more important to the citizens living in Damavand.In examining the reliability of urban creepsprawl data on the health and quality of life of Damavand citizens, the value of Cronbach's alpha was 0.74, which indicates an acceptable level of confidence. Also, the average number in all cases is more than acceptable, i.e. 3 as the middle limit. In general, the findings show that in this part of the research, the impact of urban creepsprawl on the dimensions of environmental pollution has received more attention from respondents.In the reliability study of the economic effects of the urban creepsprawl phenomenon in Damavand, the value of Cronbach's alpha was 0.83. This value indicates the reliability and high validity of the obtained data. In general, the analysis of the findings of this part of the research shows that economic issues related to the environment and more energy consumption are in the focus of respondent's attention. Rising urban living costs and rising wastewater and urban waste management are other issues that come to the next.By its nature, urban creepsprawl is a physical development and physical expansion of the city into its surroundings. The results of the T-test were observed in both significant cases and the mean value was calculated beyond the acceptable level, so that the average of "physical growth of the city unplanned, spontaneous and uncontrolled" was equal to 4.11, and the mean of "creating dense textures and disrupting the process of renovation and improvement of the city" was 4.99.

The findings show due to the growth of environmental pollution, increased vulnerability to that the threat to the health of citizens. And also, natural disasters due to manipulation and uncontrolled interventions in the natural environment, uncontrolled growth of population and population density in the region are more threat to the health of citizens. The negative economic effects of urban creepsprawl in Damavand include: increasing the costs of nature restoration and increasing the costs of environmental protection; increasing consumption and energy costs; increasing the cost of land and housing; increasing the cost of developing urban infrastructure and services; increasing the cost of relocation and transportation; rising wastewater and municipal waste management costs. 

Physical-spatial rapid growth of urban areas across the world, happened when cities doesn’t have the ability to provide services to growing urban population and this issue led to urban sprawl, destructing the edges of cities and increasing illegal and marginal settlements. A city is affected by diverse factors. In addition to spatial factors, issues such as socioeconomic structures, decision-makers (organs, builders and owners), decisions (goals, strategies, policies) and regimes (such as land subdivision and legal trends) impact on city growth. Urban growth management policies have been proposed against the rapid growth of the suburbs and facing challenges such as urban sprawl. In fact growth management is use of planning tools and financial roles of states for directing urban growth and development. The purpose of this research is to study and analysis of urban growth management actors in Karaj city. The main method used in this study is descriptive-analytical method. Also MACTOR method was used to measuring the positions and power of the actors. The results of this study showed that the most influential actor is the state and the most effective actor is developers. In fact, the difference between the degree of effectiveness for the state and its impact from other actors is 469, while the number is 214 for developers. Therefore, the relative power of the state is greater than the other, and is dominant actor.

Over the past decades, the increase of world’s urban population has resulted in uncontrolled urban expansions and especially sprawl of the major cities. Accordingly, analysis of such phenomena and determining urban development and sprawl patterns should be taken into consideration as a necessity. This research aims at evaluating 28 physical-spatial indices divided into 4 distinctive groups (Area-Edge, Shape, Aggregation, and Diversity) and 3 levels (Patch, Class, Landscape) in determination of urban sprawl patterns of the city of Kerman using remote sensing data from the period of 1984 to 2018. For this purpose, 8 temporal satellite images were selected with an acquisition date interval of 5 years. Pre-processing, Processing and classification methods were applied to the RS images using ENVI software. Output data from ENVI were imported to ArcGIS software for further preparation of GeoTIFF file. Afterwards, The GeoTIFF file were imported to Fragstats software in order to calculate the 28 indices of this research. Setting weights to the matrix of indices by Shannon’s Entropy Method and application of MATLAB, we calculated the sprawl of the case study for the years of interest. The findings demonstrates that in the year 1984, the city of Kerman had shown the most proportion of sprawl, and in contrary, in the year 2018, the amount of sprawl was at its minimum extent. In the final stage, Friedman’s test were conducted via SPSS software, resulting in calculation of the Mean-Ranks of 4 group-indices where they illustrate that sprawl pattern of the city of Kerman is mainly resultant of Area-Edge indices.

In recent decades, cities have grown without a plan and Urban areas in a short time several times its original size have been. Development of discrete components, unplanned, sporadic tight are pattern or distribution of the urban landscape is a significant issue among policy makers around the world has become. Understanding the physical development of the city in order to lead in sustainable urban development is essential In this study, we tried to exami growth and development in Tabriz from 1972 to 2013 using satellite images with Shannon entropy and spatial metrics. In years 1972, 2003 and 2013 the overall accuracy of maps to cover the land use were 82%, 85% and 90%, respectively. the distribution of urban areas built of Tabriz tended to be more violated from 1972 to 2013 so that the maximum growth was experienced in 2013. During this period, the lowest and highest values of the Shannon entropy were 2.868 and 3.961 in 1972 and 2013 respectively. It shows that in 1972, urban areas built was distributed in a compact and homogeneous manner while it is seen a violated distribution in 2013. the city is needed to be managed under a comprehensive urban management design.

Understanding the effect of urban physical development on urban air instability is a challenging issue. The aim of the present study was to analyze the environmental change index of urban sprawls and its relationship with the severe weather threat index (SWEAT) within four major cities of Iran and Turkey in the current situation (2018) and future probabilities (2030).

In this study, severe weather storm index data were extracted from upper-air level data in the radiosonde stations of Tehran, Mashhad, Ankara, and Istanbul. Also, urban sprawl data were obtained from the global data of the extent of human settlements.

Analyzing the urban sprawl data revealed that the cities of Ankara and Istanbul have the highest physical development, respectively. According to the findings of the urban sprawl development model, the most severe rate of urban sprawl development is predicted for the city of Tehran. Based on the calculation of the environmental change index (ΔY) caused by sprawl dispersion, it was determined that the values ​​of this index will be estimated between 0.61 to 1.98 for the four urban case studies in the future, where the most severe index (1.98) can be calculated for Tehran.

Calculation of SWEAT in 2018 shows that the urban sprawl development and its resulting environmental changes had a significant effect on increasing occurrences of severe weather storms in the all urban areas with a correlation rate of 0.913. The forecast of this index also shows that the average severe weather storm index will increase between %19 to %118 by 2030 in the all urban areas, in which the most value is predictable for the city of Tehran.

Identifying effective mechanisms and urban expansion forces is an important step for better understanding of the spatial pattern, process and consequences of urban expansion   that it is essential for planning and urban growth policies and sustainable urban development. The purpose of the research is to identify and analyze the factors affecting on sprawl of the city of Ahvaz. This research is descriptive-analytic and in terms of objective, applied analytic. The method of data collection is library-documentary and survey. Fuzzy Delphi technique was used in two stages for reaching a group consensus among experts (20 expert). Based on the results of the research, the factors affecting the urban sprawl of Ahvaz include are Lack of integrated urban management, Government policies in the housing sector, urban development plans, natural population growth, migration, construction laws, lifestyle changes, integration of peripheral villages, decline and deterioration central textures, natural environment of the city, the abundance of land, the price difference of land, personal ownership of the car, access to roads, cheap fuel, public transportation, Land speculation, personal preferences of individuals, zoning regulations, inefficient planning and management, economic justification of urban residences, increasing poverty, Steel industry, universities and higher education institutions, the existence of military lands within the city, the conflict between the interests of the public sector and the municipality, the issue of land ownership in the city, land exchange, railways, Karoon River, settlements and institutional homes, Expensive and shortages of housing for low-income groups administrative corruption, informal settlements, taxes, municipal income, Separation of uses, ambiguity in laws and regulations, change in the use of agricultural land, ethnicity, oil facilities, underground water , climate, conflict between the interests of the municipality and the private sector and the bridges.

The expansion of urban areas is an issue that has preoccupied planners and researchers for many years and the interest on these issues is expected to continue in the future. Such that Nowadays spatial distribution analysis, modeling and prediction of temporal variation and characteristics structure of cities - a place which has become an important research topics. Urban sprawl, a kind of urban poor is one of the major concerns of urban planners and managers. In recent decades, urban growth analysis from different perspectives to an operation essentially has become essential for many reasons.present research approach with" analysis to evaluation and ranking services the amount of thirteen districts in the triple city Noorabadi Mamasani the dependencies of Fars province. First quarters to enjoyment of these services with the use of the coefficient of Models changes and statistics examined and then using the model decision making several criteria to assess topsis and enjoying this urban slums of urban services has been dealt with. The results indicate that the discrepancies in the amount of enjoyment of the quarters of the city facilities is seen to be. So that the city central neighborhood hence of one and two neighborhood of Area two are High level. In the event that Eskan Ashaier and Dorahie neighborhoods Separated of the city center especially four and five neighborhood one area that has been scattered throughout the city Nurabad In the category of features and utilities are excluded. And Higher level includes dense and central areas the city.

Today, due to population growth and physical-structural development of cities, the structure and spatial form of urban development is of great importance and the compact city serves as a model for urban management and development of tomorrow's cities and smart growth. One of the factors of urban sustainability is the relationship between the shape and physical form of the city (spatial-physical structure). This article examines the situation and major indicators of sustainable city form and its dialectical relationship with other factors, and sheds some light on pros and cons of  urban sprawl of Lamerd city (including its morphology, i.e. structure, form and spatial development of the city). This study, employing library study method of research, adopts descriptive-analytical and comparative approach to data collection. The data of the urban sprawl indicators are collected through cognitive, functional information and studying comprehensive and detailed plans of the city.. By reviewing the literature and using the necessary and effective parameters obtained through analyzing the urban density of Lamerd city, an attempt is made to explain the reasons behind the sprawl and extensive urban development of the city. In the end,  the theories related to sustainable urban forms and morphology, their convergences and divergences, and finally the functional aspects and the implications of the theories in question for the city status are touched upon, concluding by making some suggestions. According to the studies and analyses conducted in 1345-85, the surface area and population of Lamerd city has increased about six and five times, respectively. During these years, the gross population density of the city has decreased from 131.3 people to 30.1 people per hectare. The lack of a sharp decrease in gross population density in different years indicates the excessive expansion of the city and the vacancy of many spaces and inactive urban areas and finally the horizontal, expanded, sprawl  development of neighborhoods in Lamerd, bringing about urban unsustainability in optimal distribution of services and access to facilities for the city residents, and in a rise in infrastructural costs and energy waste. The net residential density in 1985 is 85.85 people per hectare and in 1995 the net residential density and population density are  73  and 29 people per hectare, respectively.