جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « mycorrhiza » در نشریات گروه « زیست شناسی »

This study was performed to investigate the effect of mycorrhiza fungus and different levels of humic acid (zero, 200 and 400 mg/l) and salicylic acid (zero, 100 and 200 mg/l) on physiological characteristics and essential oil content in three cultivars Lemonella, Citronella and Varigated. Lemon balm (Melissa Officinalis L.) was implemented in 1397 in a greenhouse in northern Iran. The experiment was performed as a factorial in a completely randomized statistical design with 3 replications. Mycorrhiza and humic acid treatments were applied at the time of seed sowing and salicylic acid was sprayed in two stages (second and third weeks of pot cultivation). The results of this experiment showed that all treatments had a significant effect on the measured variables. The highest proline content was obtained in Citronella cultivar and control treatment and The highest phenol, carbohydrate, essential oil percentage in the treatment of mycorrhiza fungus+ humic acid 400 mg/l + salicylic acid 100 mg/l were obtained in Varigated, Citronella and Lemonella cultivars, respectively. Also the highest amount of flavonoids in the treatment of mycorrhiza fungus+ humic acid 400 mg/l + salicylic acid 200 mg/l in Citronella cultivar and the highest total antioxidant activity in the treatment of mycorrhiza fungus+ humic acid 200 mg/l + salicylic 200 mg/l in Lemonella cultivar was observed. In general, the results of this experiment showed that the application of mycorrhiza fungus with humic acid 400 mg/l and salicylic acid 100 mg/l in Lemonella, Citronella and Varigated cultivars improved the physiological characteristics and essential oil of Lemon balm.

Aquaporins exist in almost all living organisms and play a role in regulating various physiological phenomena. Aquaporins (AQP) are not only water channels but also multifunctional membrane proteins. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis on the expressions of some aquaporin genes in wheat plants. The expression of several aquaporins, including PIP2-6, PIP2-1, PIP2-5, PIP1-3, NIP1-3, and NIP1-4 in response to the symbiosis of wheat roots with Glomus mosseae fungus was evaluated by real-time PCR method. Mycorrhizal symbiosis down-regulated the expression of PIP2-6 and PIP2-1 genes. In response to the mycorrhizal symbiosis, the expression of PIP2-5 and PIP1-3 genes also showed a similar down-regulation trend compared with the control. In contrary, mycorrhizal symbiosis up-regulated the expression of NIP1-3 and NIP1-4 genes in response to the mycorrhizal symbiosis. Statistical analysis also showed that there is a significant correlation between the expressions of the genes evaluated. There was a significant positive correlation between NIP1-3 and NIP1-4 genes, while they displayed a significant negative correlation with other target genes. There was a significant positive correlation between PIP2-6, PIP2-1, PIP2-5, and PIP1-3 genes. These results indicate that the effect of mycorrhiza can vary depending on the type of mycorrhiza.

Identifying the critical time and timing of plant irrigation based on a precise and basic plan is the key to water conservation, improvement of irrigation operations and plant tolerance to water shortage in agriculture. In recent years, vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi have been used in many plants to deal with dehydration and drought stress. In this regard, an experiment was conducted as split-plot in the form of randomized complete block design with 3 replications in the Yasuj region at years 2015 and 2016. Water stress was considered as the main factor in the form of irrigation after 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 mm of evaporation from the evaporation pan class A and mycorrhizal fungus was considered as a secondary factor in the form of no application, application of Glomus mosseae and application of Glomus intraradices. The results showed that the interaction of irrigation and mycorrhizal fungi on flower phosphorus, flower yield, biological yield and water use efficiency of Borage was significant. In irrigation levels after 60, 90, 120 and 150 mm of water evaporation from the evaporation pan, the use of mycorrhizal fungi Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices compared to the absence of fungi respectively increased the yield of plant flowers (30.04% and 27.35 %), (90.2% and 90.98%), (93.21% and 94.1%) and (81.73% and 78.86%), also, at these levels of irrigation, biological yield and water use efficiency of Borage flower achieved a significant increase in the presence of mycorrhizal fungus, compared to the absence of mycorrhizal fungus application. Application of both strains of mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices in irrigation levels after 90, 120 and 150 mm of water evaporation from the evaporation pan compared to no application of mycorrhizal fungus, respectively, resulted in a significant increase in the harvest index of Borage flower (44.55% and 43.36%), (13.21% and 15.96%) and (5.6% and 5.41%) and flower phosphorus (44.69% and 20.45%), (150% and 125%) and ( 267.74% and 235.48%). Mycorrhizal fungus was able to moderate the negative effects of drought stress and increase the above-mentioned traits in those irrigation levels, and based on the results of this study, irrigation treatment after 90 mm of water evaporation from the evaporation pan + the use of Glomus mosseae mycorrhizal fungi is recommended.

In order to investigate the effects of using some growth biostimulants in low irrigation in pomegranate (Ghojagh cultivar), a two-year experiment, from March 2018, in a split plots design and in randomized complete blocks array, was carried out in Qom. The main plots included irrigation based on the irrigation SWAT model and 70 percent of it. The sub-plots were1-control (based on soil test), 2-treatment 1+ foliar application of amino acid in concentration of 5 gram.lit-1, 3-treatment 1+ soil-use of humic acid, 4-treatment 1+ foliar application of folvic acid in concentration of 5 gram.lit-1 5- treatment1+ foliar application of seaweed extract in concentration of 5 gram.lit-1 6- consumption of Mycorrhiza in the form of hole-layed and 7- combination of treatments 2, 3, 5 and 6. The results of the experiment showed that the effects of irrigation treatment on the characteristics such as number of fruits per tree, acidity of fruit juice and all nutrients, except nitrogen, were significant. Also, the effects of growth biostimulants on all the studied characteristics such as yield and number of fruits per tree, acidity of fruit juice, percentage of soluble solids and concentration of all macro and micro elements were significant. The highest fruit yield.tree-1, hectare-1 and the number of fruits.tree-1 were obtained using seaweed and 70% irrigation in the first year of the experiment with 29.2 kg and 29200 kg.ha-1 and 96.66, respectively.In total, the results showed that reducing the amount of irrigation water calculated based on the water requirement of pomegranate up to 30%, did not have a significant effect on fruit yield and some characteristics of pomegranate. The consumption of biostimulants influenced the yield and some characteristics of pomegranate.

Peanut is rich in protein and energy and is used in most countries to supply nutritional needs. In this study, the effect of gypsum, municipal solid waste compost and mycorrhiza on grain characteristics and catalase and peroxidase activity of peanut during two cultivation years were investigated in a factorial split-plot design. In the first cropping year, the maximum number of pods (121.33 per plant), seed length (22.07 mm), thousand seed weight (117.92 g), number of seeds (156.33 per plant) and yield Seed (13746.2 kg/ha) were obtained with the use of mycorrhiza and no application of gypsum and compost, application of 150 kg/ha of gypsum with mycorrhiza and without application of compost, without mycorrhiza and application of 6 ton/ha of compost and with mycorrhiza, no gypsum and 4 ton/ha of compos, respectively. In the second cropping year, the highest catalase and peroxidase activity (36.18 and 92.26 unit/mg of protein), calcium and iron content (7.45 and 88.57 mg/kg), oil percentage (76 54%) and protein percentage (27.62%) were obtained with mycorrhiza, application of 150 kg/ha of gypsum and 8 ton/ha of compost, despite mycorrhiza and no application of gypsum and addition of 8 ton/ha of compost, no application of gypsum , despite mycorrhiza and application of 4 ton/ha of compost and despite mycorrhiza and application of 150 kg/ha of gypsum and 2 ton/ha, respectively. In this study, the simultaneous use of municipal solid waste compost and mycorrhiza is proposed.

The current research is conducted to investigate the effect of application of mycorrhiza treated soil under water deficit stress on some morphophysiological and biochemical traits of stevia plants obtained from tissue culture. The experiment was done in a greenhouse condition with treatments of two mycorrhiza species at four levels (M1: without mycorrhiza, M2: Glomus mosseae, M3: Glomus intraradices, M4: mixed of both species) and application of water deficit. The irrigation was applied at four levels as follows: I1: maintaining soil moisture at 100% of field capacity, I2: irrigation after reaching 75% of field capacity, I3: irrigation after reaching 50% of field capacity, I4: irrigation after reaching 25% of field capacity. The statistical model was factorial experiment using completely randomized design with 6 replications. Application of mycorrhiza species in water deficit stress conditions dued to 1.70, 4.11, 1.73 and 4.32 fold increase in leaf greenness index, total plant dry weight, main stem height and leaf area parameters, respectively. In addition, these treatments caused to 1.66, 6.13, 29.6 and 1.30 fold increase of potassium, glucose, fructose and total soluble sugars in stevia plants. Under moderate and severe water deficit stress, the use of a mixture of mycorrhiza species in treatments M4I4 and M4I3 compared to treatments M1I4 and M1I3 (without mycorrhiza fungus) increased more than threefold the leaf area of stevia tissue culture plants that positive root symbiosis stevia plants were well clarified by mixing two species of mycorrhizal fungi under water deficit stress and irrigation restrictions.

In order to study the effect of uniconazole and bio fertilizers on grain yield, chlorophyll fluorescence indices and some physiological traits of wheat under salinity soil conditions, a factorial experiment was conducted based on RCBD with three replications in 2018. Treatments were included soil salinity in four levels (non-application of salinity as control (1.72 dS m−1 and application of 40, 80 and 120 mM salinity in soil or equivalent to 3.68, 7.37 and 11.06 dS m−1, respectively), by NaCl and application of uniconazole and bio fertilizers in seven levels (control or no application of bio fertilizers and uniconazole, application of uniconazole, mycorrhiza fungi, pseudomonas putida, mycorrhiza with pseudomonas, mycorrhiza with uniconazole, both application of mycorrhiza with uniconazole and pseudomonas). Means comparision showed that both application of mycorrhiza with uniconazole and pseudomonas under no salinity condition increased maximum fluorescence (82.17 %), variable fluorescence (287.5 %), quantum yield (65.41 %), chlorophyll index (106.23 %) , leaf nitrogen content (76.66 %) and relative water content of flag leaf (101.76 %) in comparison with no application of bio fertilizers and uniconazole under 120 mM salinity condition. Maximum of minimum fluorescence (F0) and electrical conductivity were obtained at the highest soil salinity level. Also, both application mycorrhiza with pseudomonas and uniconazole increased grain yield per plant about 108.84% in comparison with no application of bio fertilizers at the highest soil salinity level.

In order to investigate the effect of biofertilizer on physiological characteristics and nutrient concentration in linseed under irrigation withholding at different growth stages, a farm experiment conducted as split plot base on randomized complete block design with three replication at research field of Yasouj University in 2017. Irrigation regimes (full irrigation, irrigation withholding at beginning of flowering until beginning of podding, irrigation withholding at beginning of podding to end of maturity) and bio-fertilizer application at four levels (mycorrhiza fungi, Phosphate Barvar2, mycorrhiza arbuscular fungi + Phosphate Barvar2 and non-application of bio-fertilizer) were considered as the main and the sub plots, respectively. The results showed that the highest concentration of phosphorus (8.27 g.kg-1) and potassium (4.20 g.kg-1) in the leaf was observed in the treatment of mycorrhiza bio-fertilizer. In both stages of flowering and seed filling, irrigation withholding compared to full irrigation increased the soluble sugars, malondialdehyde, but reduced the relative water content and soluble protein of leaf.  The highest leaf prolin cintent (11.63 µmol.g-1) was observed in both biofertilizer combination treatments in condition of Irrigation withholding at beginning of podding to end of maturity. Application of both type of biofertilizer increased soluble sugar concentration, soluble protein and reduced malondialdehyde levels. The highest grain yield was observed from application of mycorrhiza+ phosphate Barvar2.The results indicate that linseed is sensitive to drought stress in the encapsulation to ripening stage (58% reduction). This damage modified by application of biofertilizer trough improving the absorption of nutrients and changing the concentration of osmolites.

Water limitation is the most severe stress factor limiting plant growth and crop production in arid and semi-arid regions. Several strategies have been developed in order to decrease water limitation effects caused by the rainfed condition on plant growth. Among them, the use of putrescine and bio-fertilizers such as plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and Mycorrhiza play a significant role in yield improvement. Therefore, to study biofertilizers and putrescine’s effect on biomass and some physiological and biochemical traits of vetch (Vicia villosa) under rainfed conditions, a factorial experiment was conducted based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in a research farm at the University of Mohaghegh Ardabili in 2019. Experimental factors included biofertilizers (no biofertilizer as control, application of Rhizobium, Mycorrhiza, combined application of Mycorrhiza and Rhizobium, Rhizobium and Azotobacter, Mycorrhiza and Azotobacter, Rhizobium with Mycorrhiza and Azotobacter) and foliar application of putrescine in three levels (water as control, 0.5 and 1mM putrescine). The results showed that both application of Azotobacter with Mycorrhiza and Rhizobium and foliar application of 1 mM putrescine increased catalase, peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase enzymes activity )37.08, 37.54 and 34.41% respectively (, maximum fluorescence and anthocyanin content )56.94 and 4.57% respectively( compared to no application of biofertilizers and foliar application of putrescine. Also, both application of Azotobacter with Mycorrhiza and Rhizobium and foliar application of 1 mM putrescine increased total biomass by about 56.9% compared to no application of biofertilizer and putrescine. It seems that the application of biofertilizers and putrescine can increase the total biomass of Vica villosa under rainfed conditions due to improving the physiological and biochemical traits.

This study was performed to investigate the effect of mycorrhizal fungus and different levels of humic acid (zero, 200 and 400 mg/l) and salicylic acid (zero, 100 and 200 mg/l) on morphological characteristics and essential oil content of three cultivars Lemonella, Citronella and Varigated. Lemon balm (Melissa Officinalis L.) was implemented in 1397 in a greenhouse in northern Iran. The experiment was performed as a factorial in a completely randomized statistical design with 3 replications. Mycorrhiza and humic acid treatments were applied at the time of seed sowing and salicylic acid solution was sprayed in two stages (second and third weeks of pot cultivation). The results of this experiment showed that all treatments had a significant effect on fresh and dry weight of shoots and roots, root volume and essential oil content and among the lemon balm cultivars Lemonella cultivar had the highest morphological characteristics and essential oil content. The highest shoot dry weight, fresh and dry root weight and root volume in mycorrhiza+ humic acid 400 mg/l + salicylic acid 200 mg/l and the highest fresh weight of mycorrhiza+ humic acid 200 mg/l + salicylic acid 200 mg/l was obtained. Also, the highest amount of essential oil was observed in the treatment of mycorrhizal fungus+ humic acid 400 mg/l + salicylic acid 100 mg/l. In general, to improve the vegetative growth and the amount of essential oil of lemon balm, the application of Lemonella cultivar and application of mycorrhizal fungus with humic acid 400 mg/l and salicylic acid 200 mg/l is recommended.

Pistachio is one of the most important export crops of Iran. One of the diseases that damages pistachio trees in most pistachio growing areas is Gumosis disease caused by Phytophthora drescleri. Mycorrhizal fungi are the most successful microorganisms in the field of biological control and one of the effective agents to reduce the root rot diseases incidence caused by P. drescleri. Nutrients are also able to increase the level of tolerance or resistance of plants against to some diseases. In this study, mycorrhizal fungi and various nutrients were used to control the root rot disease. In this study, ammonium sulfate, potassium sulfate and triple superphosphate compounds were used against the root rot disease in vitro. The results showed that the highest amount of growth inhibition of pathogen was related to 2500 ppm concentration of ammonium sulfate with 67.16%. In the second section of the study, the effect of different treatments including mycorrhiza and ammonium sulfate alone and their combination in the reducing P. drescleri disease on characters such as fresh and dry root and shoots and shoots. The levels of phosphorus, nitrogen and potassium were evaluated. Finally, the expression levels of the two peroxidase and catalase genes was measured. The results showed that the combination of fungal mycorrhiza and ammonium sulfate always had the highest dry and fresh weight of shoots and roots among the treatments applied in both cultivars in the absence of pathogen.

In order to study the effects of supplementary irrigation and seed inoculation by bio fertilizer on yield and some physiological traits of rainfed wheat (Rasad cultivar), a factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications in Agricultural Research Station of Ardabil in 2016. The factors experimental were included supplementary irrigation at three levels, once supplementary irrigation at booting stage (I1), once supplementary irrigation at heading (I2) and no irrigation as rain fed (I3), and biofertilizers in four levels without application of bio fertilizers as control (B1), seed inoculation with Azospirilum (B2), mycorrhizal application (B3), both application mycorrhizal and Azospirilum (B4). Means comparison showed that application of both bio fertilizers (mycorrhiza and Azosprilium) and once supplementary irrigation at booting stage and once supplementary irrigation at heading increased the grain yield about 35.27 and 28.9% respectively in comparison with application of bio fertilizers under rainfed conditions. Both application mycorrhiza and Azosprilium and once supplementary irrigation at booting stage increased maximum fluorescence (Fm), variable fluorescence (Fv), chlorophyll index and relative water content of flag leaf in comparison with no application of bio fertilizers under rainfed condition. Rainfed conditions increased electrical conductivity and minimum fluorescence (F0).

In order to study the effect of uniconazole and bio fertilizers on activity of some antioxidant enzymes and compatible osmolites of wheat (Triticum aestivum L var Zagros.) in soil salinity conditions, a factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications in a research greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Mohaghegh Ardebili University in 2018. Treatments were included soil salinity in four levels (no application of salinity as control and application of 40, 80 and 120 mM soil salinity), by NaCl and application of uniconazole, mycorrhiza fungi (Glomus intraradicese) and pseudomonas putida strain 186 in seven levels. Means comparision showed that both application of mycorrhiza with uniconazole and pseudomonas under 120 mM salinity increased soluble sugars and proline contents, antioxidant enzymes activity such as catalase, peroxidase polyphenol oxidase (93.98, 47.33, 63.88, 75.67, 69.35% respectively) in comparison with no application of bio fertilizers under without salinity. Also, both application of mycorrhiza with uniconazole and pseudomonas under without salinity increased leaf proteine, plant height and grain yield (72.36, 41.85 and 108.84% respectively) and decreased electrolyte leakage (39.02%) in comparison with application of bio fertilizers under at the highest soil salinity level. It seems that the mentioned bio-fertilizers and uniconazole application can increase grain yield of wheat due to improve biochemical and physiological traits of wheat under soil salinity condition.

Mycorrhizal fungi cause plants to withstand environmental stresses. This research was carried out in order to investigate the effects of mycorrhizal fungus (Glomus versiforme) on tomato plants to ameliorate the salinity stress. This completely randomized experiment includes salinity (0, 4 and 8 dS m-1) and mycorrhizal (0 and 5% w/w) treatments in the research greenhouse of Urmia University in 2017. Morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics such as plant height, root volume, proline and malone dialdehyde content, catalase activity, electrolytes leakage and content of soluble sugars were evaluated. Plant height and root volume in symbiont plants were more than the control, significantly. Increased catalase activity and content of proline and soluble sugars in inoculated plants indicates reduction in stress damage due to salinity. Also, electrolytes leakage and malone dialdehyde content in symbiont plants under salinity stress was less than the control. These positive effects of mycorrhizal symbiosis could be due to physiological impacts such as cell turgor control and osmolytes production and also due to morphological characteristics including root development and following ameliorating effects against salinity stress.

In order to study the effects of bio fertilizers and zinc application on yield, variations of quantum yield, stomatal conductance and some physiological traits of triticale under water withholding conditions, a factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Experimental factors were included water withholding in three levels (normal irrigation as control, irrigation withholding at 50% of heading stage, irrigation withholding at 50% of booting stage), four bio fertilizers levels (no bio fertilizer, application of mycorrhiza, Azotobacter chrocoocoum strain 5 + Psedomunas putida strain 186, application of PGPR and mycorrhiza together) and four nano zinc oxide levels (without nano zinc oxide as control, application of 0.3, 0.6 and 0.9 g L-1). Results showed that under water withholding condition, photochemical efficiency of photosystem II, chlorophyll index, stomatal conductance, relative water content and grain yield decreased. Whereas, electrical conductivity and grain protein were increased. Means comparison showed that the highest of grain yield, photochemical efficiency of photosystem II, stomatal conductance, relative water content and chlorophyll index were obtained at application of PGPR+mycorrhiza, foliar application of 0.9 g L-1 nano zinc oxide and full irrigation. The highest of grain protein was belonged at application of PGPR+mycorrhiza, foliar application of 0.9 g L-1 nano zinc oxide and irrigation to 50% of booting stage. The highest of grain yield (663.26 g m-2) was obtained at application of PGPR+mycorrhiza, foliar application of 0.9 g L-1 nano zinc oxide and full irrigation and the lowest of it (198.46 g m-2) was belonged at irrigation to 50% of booting stage, no biofertilizers and without nano zinc oxide. Irrigation withholding in heading and booting stages reduced 22% and 42% respectively from grain yield and using of biofertilizers and nano zinc oxide compensated 52% and 53% respectively from yield reduction. It seems that application of biofertilizers and nano zinc oxide due to the improvement of some physiological traits such as photochemical efficiency of photosystem II, chlorophyll content, stomatal conductance and relative water content can be recommended for profitable triticale production under water withholding condition.

Early blight disease caused by Alternaria solani is one of the most important damaging diseases common in most plants from the family solanaceae. At present, the most practical way to control this disease is to use fungicides. Considering the importance of early blight disease and excessive consumption of chemical pesticides, this study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of non-toxic compounds (Mycorrhiza agent) in controlling the disease. In this study, the mycorrhizal fungi Glomus moseae, G. rubi and Scutellospora sp were extended on corn roots. Then the effects of these factors were monitored and evaluated on plant indices as well as on pathogenicity of the fungus Alternaria solani under greenhouse conditions. The results from greenhouse experiments suggested significant impacts of arbuscular mycorrhizal compounds in reducing wave spot disease of tomato. The best treatment on the height of the stems and roots of tomato, respectively, were Scutellospora with G. mousae + Scutellospora (growth increases of 30.86% & 19.05%), and the highest influence on fresh s (31.37% & 47.81%, respectively) of shoot and root was found with G. moseae. The treatment G. mousae + Scutellospora obtained the greatest root dry weight (40.79% & 52.60%, respectively). The same treatment reduced the symptoms caused by the fungus A. solani up to 46.08%. Mycorrhizal treatments, therefore, are very effective on tomato growth increase and reduced disease severity by A. solani fungus, and can be a suitable choice to replace chemical pesticides yielding completely organic products.