جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « اکسی فلورفن » در نشریات گروه « گیاهپزشکی »

Weeds control has been recognized as an essential action in crop production systems. Weeds,in addition to crop quantity, are effective on crop quality, harvest costs and pest abundance diversity. Onion (Allium cepa L.) cannot tolerate prolonged competition withweeds because of its initial slow growth rate after planting, shallow fibrous roots, and small above-ground canopy for effective soil shading (7, 8). Weed infestation in garlic is one of the major factors for loss in yield and bulb loss to the tune of 40-80% (2, 5, 25). Regarding the increase and development of onion cultivation in recent years, effective control of weeds in all stages of growth stages is necessary in order to increase bulb yield. In all researches, hand weeding has the highest onion yield, but due to increased production costs, it may not be economies. The use of herbicides can be an alternative to lowering costs, lack of labor and increasing onion gain. Herbicides such as Oxyflourfen, Oxadiazone, Linerone and Pendimethalin are used to control onion weeds (11, 15). With evaluation the effect of Oxyflourfen and Oxadiazonon onion weed in the early growth stage, it was demonstrated that the Oxyflourfen after hand weeding had the best weed control and onion bulb yield (7). In general, very limited research on chemical control of onion weeds in Iran and in the world has been carried out. Therefore, this research was carried out to evaluate the effect of three post-emergence herbicides in two application timing on weed control and onion bulb yield in Ramhormoz region. In order to evaluate the effect of application time of some post-emergence herbicides on onion (Allium cepa L.) weeds control, a factorial experiment was conducted in complete randomized blocks design with 3 replications in Ramhormoz region. Experimental factors included post emergence herbicides (Clethodim 1.5 Lit.ha-1, Oxadiazon 2 Lit.ha-1, Oxyflourfen 1.5 Lit.ha-1 and Clethodim+Oxadiazon 1.5 and 2 Lit.ha-1, respectively) and two different times of herbicide application (1-2 and 3-4 true-leaves stage of onion). Onion seeds were planted directly on Oct.4th and the onion planting density was 25 plants per m-2.Fields received 100 kg P ha-1 and 150 kg N ha-1. The P was supplied in the form of single superphosphate. Nitrogen treatments were applied as urea (46% N). Dominant weeds in time of herbicides application were Echinocloacrusgalli, Malvaspp, Convolvulus arvensisand in time of bulb formation were Malvaspp, Melilotusofficinalis and ScorpiurusmuricatusL..Living weed plants were calculated before and after herbicide application using 0.5×0.5m quadrate, and weed biomass obtained by harvesting and drying tissues at 75 ˚C to constant mass using 0.5×0.5m quadrate at bulb formation stage. In order to evaluatethe efficiency of weed control, below equation was used: WCE=[(A-B)/A]×100 In this equation, WCE is the weed control efficiency (reduction of weed number in percent), A is weed density before and B is the number of weeds after herbicides application. The evaluated onion traits included: bulb fresh weight, bulb number, bulb diameter, bulb dry weight. Statistical analysis was made using the SAS statistical program. Differences between traits means were assessed using Duncan's Multiple Range Test. The major weeds flora in the field experiment were Echinochloa crus-galli.,MalvarotundifoliaL. and Convolvulus arvensisL. Results showed that the effect of time of herbicides application on evaluated traits was not significant but the effect of herbicides treatments on the decrease of weed density and biomass was significant. The lowest Echinocloacrusgalli abundance and the highest control of this narrow weed was obtained from Clethodimherbicide treatment. Clethodimdid not control broadleaf weeds. Regarding the growth and coincidence of broadleaf weed growth such as Scorpiurusmuricatus L, Malvaspp and Melilotusofficinalis with onion growth, Clethodimhad no effect on these weeds and had the lowest onion yield. Oxyflourfen was the most effective herbicide onthe decrease of weed density and dry biomass (including Malvaspp and Melilotusofficinalis)and resulted in the highest bulb fresh yield, the bulb number, the bulb diameter and the bulb dry weight. It has been reported that the use of Oxyflourfen during post-harvest resulted in the highest number of onion bulbs per unit area, and then Oxadiazone and Fluozifop were arranged in subsequent positions (13). Although the difference of dry weight of bulb was not significant between different application timing, post-emergence application of oxyfluorfen at 3–4 leaf stage resulted in onion.Thus, itwas recommended for effective onion weed control and high economic yield.

Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is an important winter crop in northern of Iran with a total of 9580 ha which produces approximately 90, 197 tons per year. It is the second most widely cultivated species of the genus, Allium after onion (Allium cepa). Also, Garlic along with onions and leeks are three major cultivated species in Alliaceae family. This plant because of high economic and medicinal values is cultivated in 2610 hectares of agricultural lands of Mazandaran Province, Iran. Slow growth rate, low height, and a thin canopy that does not cover the soil enough to sup-press weeds make garlic a poor competitor against the latter until the beginning of spring. According results, reported 71% yield losses in garlic crop if weeds are allowed to grow during the crop season. Weed interference is affected by the time of weed emergence relative to the crop’s phenological development. The weeds, which emerge early or simultaneously with the crop, are highly competitive and should be managed by farmers. Most weed management strategies in cereals target seedlings, as they are the most sensitive stage of the weed. However, emergence of weed seedlings varies every year in timing, extent and intensity. Therefore in this study, the effect of chemical management on reducing the density and biomass of weeds, yield and agronomic characteristics of garlic were studied in Mazandaran Province, Iran.
After the selection of location test, in order to determine the physical and chemical properties before the preparation of soil for planting, sampling from the soil was carried out from the depth of 0 to 30 cm at some point. The farm was plowed using a moldboard plow, then the used fertilizers in this study were added to the soil twice before planting and then the fertilizers were incorporated with the soil using a Disc. The amount of used fertilizers in this study according to soil test were including: 200 kg Urea per hectare that 100 kg as the base and 50 kg in two foliage stage and 50 kg in 4 foliage stage of garlic, 200 kg superphosphate triple per hectare, and 100 kg potassium sulfate. The research was performed in a land with area of 300 m2 containing 30 plots with dimensions of 3×3 m2. The planting process was done after disinfection of garlic seed varieties of Mazand for 24 hours in a solution of 2% carboxin thiram with the distance of 30×15 cm and the density of 23 plants per m2on 23/10/2012. After about two weeks from planting of garlic, germination was fully performed. The studied factors in 10 dosages of herbicide are including: 1.5, 2 and 2.5 liters per hectare of Trifluralin (Terflan) via formulations (EC 48%), 1.5, 2 and 2.5 liters per hectare of Oxyfluorfen, 1.5 liters per hectare of Oxyfluorfen in two stages (the half in first stage and the rest 18 days later) via formulations (EC 24%), hand weeding control and lack of weeding control (the number of replications of these two treatments were two folds of others (2 replications in each block and 6 replications in total)). Two weeks before planting Trifluralin herbicides were incorporated with the soil and Oxyfluorfen herbicides as post-emergently were applied in the 3 to 4 foliage stages of weeds using a backpack sprayer pump from the side of the nozzle sag (T-Jet). After 145 days from planting, 10 plants per plot were selected and plant heights measured. After maturity of garlics, 10 plants of garlic were eradicated and the number of cloves per bulb was counted and weight of 100 cloves of garlic was weighed. After full maturity of garlic, a square meter of each plot was harvested on 7.5.2013 and the harvested plants was placed for 48 hours in the farm and then bulb yield and biological yield were weighed and harvest index was also calculated. Statistical analysis software SAS (version 9.1) was used for analysis and the obtained averages were compared by means of the Duncan least significant difference test.
Results showed that the use of different doses of various herbicides had a significant difference on the plant height, weight of 100 cloves, economical and biological yield and harvest index of garlic. In contrast, under treatments of the usage of 1.5 liter of Oxyfluorfen in two stages and hand weeding treatment, plant height of garlic was increased due to lack of competition with weed species and no significant difference was observed between the above treatments with the usage of 1.5, 2 and 2.5 liters of Oxyfluorfen. The adverse effect and phytotoxicity of garlic under the use of different doses of 2 and 2.5 liters of Oxyfluorfen caused disturbances in the production of cloves per bulb of garlic and the plant spent their photosynthetic products in the reclamation of its shoots. In contrast, the highest number of cloves per bulb were counted under the treatments of using 1.5 liter of Oxyfluorfen, hand weeding and 1.5 liter of Oxyfluorfen in two stages. The results showed that the highest economical yield of garlic was obtained in the treatment of using 1.5 liter of Oxyfluorfen, hand weeding treatment and splitting of 1.5 liter of Oxyfluorfen in two stages, and there were no significant differences between the above treatments. The plant used the best from the resulted ecological niche in normal conditions, and it could transfer more photosynthetic materials to the reproductive organs and it could increase the bulb yield with more producing of cloves per bulb with higher weight.
The results obtained from experimental trials on plant height, cloves number in the bulb, cloves weight and ultimately economic yield of garlic (bulb) showed that the treatment of using 1.5 liters of Oxyfluorfen in 3 to 4 foliage stages of weed species was the best treatment.

Weeds are one of the main pests of ornamental flower fields. To study the effects of various herbicides in weed control of gladiolus and iris fields, trials were carried out during 2011-2012 at Mahallat Ornamental Plants Research Center, Iran. Weed control treatments included triflusulfuron methyl (DF 50% ) 40 g/ha, oxyfluorfen (EC 24%) 2 and 0.75 l/ha, ioxynil (EC 22.5%) 3 l/ha, paraquat (SL 20%) 3 l/ha, oxadiazon (SL 12%) 3 l/ha, diuron (WP 80%) 2 kg/ha, atrazine (WP 80%) 1 and 1/5 kg/ha, pendimethalin (EC 33%) 3 l/ha, imazethapyr (SL 10%) 0.75 l/ha, nicosolfuron (SC 4%) 2 l/ha. The main weeds in gladiolus field were Convolvulus arvensis, Salsola kali and Amaranthus retroflexus and in iris field were Sisymbrium irio, Hordeum spontaneum and Nonnea persica. Crop injury resulting from the application of herbicides in iris was little or not at all. Use of ioxynil treatment caused phytotoxicity in gladiolus flower. The most effective herbicides in controlling weed density and dry weight in both gladiolus and iris fields were atrazine 1.5 kg/h and 1 kg/h with one hand weeding before flowering with 90% and diuron with 80% reduction in weed number and dry weight respectively. The effect of oxyfluorfen on weed control in gladiolus and iris cultivations was comparitively good but less than ioxynil and diuron treatments.

In order to evaluate the effects of some herbicides on weed control and seed yield of broadbean an experiment was conducted in 2008 and 2009 at agricultural research center of Safi Abad of Dezful, I. R. Iran. The experiment was conducted in randomized complete block desigh with 13 treatments and three replications. Treatments included pre-plant application of trifluralin (EC 48%) at 1 kg ai/ha, pre-emergence and post-emergence application of imazethapyr (SL 10%) at 2 - 4 leaf stage of weeds at 0.04 and 0.075 kg ai/ha respectively, mixture of bentazon (EC 48%) + Halloxy fop R- methyl (EC 10.8%) at (0.75 + 0.08) kg ai/ha at 2 - 4 leaf stage of weeds, pre-emergence application of prometryn (WP 80%) at 0.8 kg ai/ha, pre-emergence application of pendimethalin (EC 33%) at 0.99 and 1.32 kg ai/ha, pre-plant application of metribuzin (WP 70%) at 0.35 and 0.52 kg ai/ha, pre-emergence application of metribuzin (WP 70%) at 0.35 and 0.52 kg ai/ha, weed free check and pre-emergence application of oxyfluorfen (EC 24%) at 0.36 kg ai/ha. Compared with the weedy check, on average, the sequence of the most to the least effective herbicide treatments on total weed control was recorded as oxyfluorfen> bentazon> metribuzin pre at 0.35 and 0.52 kg ai/ha > pendimethalin at 0.99 kg ai/ha > metribuzin PPI at 0.52 kg ai/ha. Compared with the weedy check, on average, the sequence of the most to the least effective herbicide treatments on yield increase was recorded as bentazon> pendimethalin at 1.32 kg ai/ha > oxyfluorfen> imazethapyr post > pendimethalin at 0.99 kg ai/ha, metribuzin pre at 0.35 kg ai/ha > metribuzin pre at 0.52 kg ai/ha. According to this experiment for weed control and seed yield increase of broadbean, application of each of the following herbicides at the above mentioned stage and rate are recommended: post-emergence application of imazethapyr at 0.075 kg ai/ha and mixture of bentazon + Halloxy fop R- methyl or pre-emergence application of pendimethalin, oxyfluorfen and metribuzin and also two handweedings throughout the growing season of broadbean.

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of planting methods, planting density of mungbean and application of herbicides on weed control and yield of mungbean for two years at Safi abad agricultural research center of Dezful, I. R. Iran. The experiment was arranged so as to form strip split split plots with three replications. Vertical factor were planting patterns at four levels : planting of two rows of mungbean on beds with 60, 75 and 90 cm width, respectively, and planting of one row of mungbean on beds 50 cm apart, horizontal factor was mungbean density at two levels: plant spaces of 5 and 10 cm on the row, and subplots were application of herbicides at seven levels : preemergence application of prometryn at 1.2 kg ai. ha-1, oxyfluorfen at 0.48 kg ai. ha-1, oxadiazon at 0.36 kg ai. ha-1, pendimethalin at 1.15 kg ai. ha-1, preplant application of trifluralin at 1 kg ai. ha, weed free and weedy checks. Results show that overall, ranking of the effect of herbicide treatments on weed density are : oxyfluorfen> trifluralin> prometryn> pendimethalin> oxadiazon. Effect of oxyfluorfen and trifluralin on reduction of weed biomass was greater than the other herbicides. Ranking of the effect of herbicide treatments on yield increase are : oxyfluorfen> trifluralin> oxadiazon> prometryn> pendimethalin. Therefore to increase the yield and weed control in mungbean field, planting of one row of mungbean on beds with 50 cm width and 5 cm spacing between bushes along with the application of trifluralin at 1 kg ai. ha-1 or application of oxyfluorfen at 0.48 kg ai. ha-1 are recommended.

Intoduction: Saffron (Corocus sativus L.) as the most expensive crop has special position among export products of Iran. Currently, Iran is the biggest saffron producer and exporter in the world. Much of saffron in Iran produced in South and Razavi provinces (6). One of the problems in saffron production of these regions is weed control. Weed competing with saffron for water, nutrients, light cause reduction of product (3, 7). Among control methods of weed, use of herbicides is not common in saffron fields. The main reason is the evidences about herbicides damage. For example, Zare Hosseini et al (14) observed application of herbicides of Iodosulfuron methyl sodium Mesosulfuron- methyl Mefenpyr-diethyl destroyed grasses and broadleaf, but it destroyed saffron plant too. Haloxyfop- R methyl ester damaged grasses, but decreased stigma yield. This study aimed to investigate the effect of pre-emergence herbicides on weed population changes; the performance characteristics of saffron and saffron corms were implemented.
An experiment was conducted in a 4-year saffron farm located in Shahn Abad village, Zaveh city in Khorasan Razavi province in 2011- 2012. It was in a completely randomized block design with eight treatments and three replications. The treatments included six pre-emergence herbicides including Metribuzin 70% WP (850 g.ha-1), Oxyfluorfen24% EC (1 l.ha-1), Ioxynil 22.5% EC (1.5 l.ha-1), Etalfluorelin 33.3%EC (3 l.ha-1), Trifluoralin 48%EC (2 l.ha-1) and Chloridazon 80 %WP (5 Kg.ha-1) Desmedipham 15.7% EC (5 l.ha-1) along with weed free and weedy check. Herbicides applied after irrigation simultaneously with crust breaking. The measurement characteristics included the number of flowers, fresh and dry weight of flower and stigma, leaf dry weight, leaf length, corm number and weight of saffron, weed type and wet and dry weight of dominant weeds. Herbicide treatments after irrigation were performed simultaneously with Crust breaking in 03/11/2011. The flowers gathering were conducted in 03/11/2011. Sampling of weed was performed in two stages in 04/18/2011 and 05/05/2012. In the first stage adding to the collection weed, leaves of saffron are also collected and the length of them were measured. In the second phase, when corm growth was stopped, they were gather, count, weight, and divide by weight. Corms into 4 groups: 0 to 3 g, 3 to 6 g, 6 to 9 grams and 9 grams were divided up. The traits were analyzed by using software programs Mstat-c. Mean comparison carried out with Duncan test with 5% probability.
Result and The results showed that between herbicide treatments the highest number of flower (16.76 per m-2) and dry weight of stigma (75.67 mg per m-2) was belonged to Metribuzin treatment. The least flowers number (10.76 per m-2) and dry weight of stigma (13.67 mg per m-2) were observed in Etalfluorelin treatment. However there weren’t significant difference between Etalfluorelin and Trifluoralin for these traits. In the first stage of weed sampling were only narrow leaf weeds. In the second stage sampling was 7 species, 3 species of narrow-leaf and broadleaf species was 4. Most of the narrow leaf weed species were ovate goatgrass (Aegilopsgeni culata Roth.). Most broadleaf species belong to maltese star thistle (Centaurea melitensis L.). In the first stage of sampling Metribuzin and Chloridazone Desmedipham herbicides had the highest effect in narrow leaf weed control, respectively. Ioxynil had the least impact on this stage. In the second stage of sampling, the highest and lowest control of maltese star thistlewas observed in Chloridazone Desmedipham and Ioxynil respectively. Chloridazone Desmedipham and Metribuzin had the greatest impact onovate goatgrass and other herbicides for control of these species were not significantly different. Minimal impact on the total corm weight was observed in Metribuzin and Etalfluorelin respectively. The most reduction of corm weight was observed in Chloridazone Desmedipham treatments. Amiri et al (4) reported that Metribuzin application before and after the weed eruption is appropriate for broadleaves and somewhat narrow-leaves control. None of the treatments had adverse effects on corm weight producing with 0-3, 6-9 and above 9 grams but 3-6 grams weight of corm was affected. In producing corms with 3 to 6 grams weight the least adverse effect was observed in Metribuzin. The most adverse effect after no weeding treatment in producing corms with 3 to 6 grams weight was belonged to Chloridazone Desmedipham.
. On the basis of results, it seems to be due to the least amount of damage to saffron and its corm and the most control of broadleaf and to some extent narrow- leaf weed, the application of 850 grams.ha-1 pre-emergence herbicide Metribuzin is suitable for saffron weed control.

This experiment was conducted in 2006 and 2007 at Agricultural Research Centers of Safi Abad of Dezful, Isfahan and Tehran (Karaj), I. R. Iran, to evaluate the efficacy ofselectedherbicides on weeds and yield of direct seeded tomato. The complete randomized block design was used with 9 treatments in three replications. Treatments included: pre-emergence and post emergence application of metribuzin (Sencor® 70% WP) at 4-leaf stage of tomato at 0.75 and 1 kg/ha, preplant incorporated application of oxyfluorfen (Goal® 24% EC) at 2 kg/ha, pre-plant incorporated application of napropamide (Devrinol® 45% FL) at 2.5 and 4.5 kg/ha, weedy and weed free checks. The experimental results at Safi Abad of Dezful for the reduction of total weed density indicated, pre-emergence application of metribuzin at 1 kg/ha and oxyfluorfen were the most effective herbicide treatments. Also weed free check and post-emergence application ofmetribuzin at 0.75 and 1 kg/ha, were the most effective treatments in increase the yield of tomato fruits. In Isfahan, in reduction of the total weed density, oxyfluorfen and post-emergence application of metribuzin at 1 kg/ha and in tomato yield increase, weed free check, napropamide at 4.5 kg/ha, pre and postemergence application of metribuzin at 0.75 and 1 kg/ha, respectively, were the most effective herbicide treatments. The results of Karaj showed that pre-emergence application of metribuzin at 1 kg/ha and oxyfluorfen in reduction of total weed density, and for tomato yield increase weed free check, pre-emergence application of metribuzin at 1 kg/ha and oxyfluorfen, were the most effective herbicide treatments.