جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « کنجاله سویا » در نشریات گروه « علوم دام »

This study was conducted in order to investigate the effect of replacing soybean meal with poultry slaughterhouse residue powder on performance, milk composition, digestibility of nutrients, and blood parameters of lactating ewes. To perform this experiment, 24 dairy ewes of the Dalaq breed with an average weight of 36±3.7 kg were used in 4 treatments and 6 repetitions in a completely randomized design. The treatments were included: control treatment (diet without poultry slaughterhouse residue powder), second treatment (diet containing 33% replacement), third treatment (diet containing 66% replacement) and fourth treatment (diet containing 100% replacement of poultry slaughterhouse residue powder instead of soybean meal). Results showed that there was no significant difference between the experimental treatments in the final weight of sheep, daily weight gain, dry matter consumption, feed conversion ratio, milk production and feed consumption behavior. By increasing the replacement levels of poultry slaughterhouse residue powder with soybean meal, the percentage of non-fat solids, density and lactose of ewes' milk also increased (P<0.05). Among the different treatments, no significant difference was observed in terms of glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, total protein, albumin, globulin, and albumin-globulin ratio, but blood urea nitrogen concentration increased with the replacement of poultry slaughterhouse residue powder with soybean meal increased (P<0.05). In general, it is possible to completely replace the powder of poultry slaughterhouse remains, which is a source of animal protein, with soybean meal, which is one of the imported items of animal feed, without causing any disturbance in the health and production of animals.

In today's society, where we are facing an increase in the price of food items, it is very important to use agricultural by-products, industrial factories and waste from slaughterhouses and dairy industries in animal husbandry. One of these by-products is the poultry slaughterhouse waste powder, which is obtained during the production and processing of chicken meat. The successful replacement of these wastes with protein sources, including soybean meal, most of which is imported, while creating the correct balance between non-degradable protein and degradable protein in the rumen and a high-quality protein source, will reduce the cost of food rations and improve the economic status of livestock production and prevent environmental pollution. According to the mentioned cases, the aim of this research is the effect of replacing poultry slaughterhouse residue powder with soybean meal on feed consumption and ruminal parameters of Dalagh dairy ewes.

In this experiment, 20 ewes with 3 pregnancies of the Dalagh breed with an average weight of 36±3.7 kg were used in a completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 treatments and 5 replications. The treatments were including: control treatment (diet without poultry slaughterhouse residue powder), second treatment (diet containing 33 Percent replacement), third treatment (diet containing 66 Percent replacement) and fourth treatment (diet containing 100 Percent replacement of poultry slaughterhouse residue powder instead of soybean meal). Animals in each treatment were kept in individual cages for 42 days after ensuring their health. The ewes were weighed weekly and the feed and post-feed of each animal was recorded daily to calculate the dry matter consumption. Sampling of rumen fluid was done on the 42nd day of the experiment. The rumen fluid was taken in the morning before feeding (zero hour) and at three and six hours after feeding by esophageal tube, then the pH value of the rumen fluids was measured immediately after extraction by a mobile digital pH meter. It was calibrated, measured and recorded in the same place. To measure ammonia nitrogen in rumen fluid, samples 3 hours after morning feeding were used. After measuring the pH, the rumen fluid sample was filtered using a 4-layer cloth, and then the resulting sap was diluted with 0.2 normal hydrochloric acid at a ratio of 5 to 1 (five saps to one normal 0.2 HCl) and kept until the day of the experiment. The temperature was kept at -20°C. Broderick and Kang (1980) method was used to determine rumen ammonia nitrogen using a spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 630 nm. Ruminal fluid was sampled to measure the protozoan population on the last day. To count protozoa, the method of Dehority and Males (1984) was used. First, after straining the rumen liquid with a cloth, 4 ml of rumen liquid was poured into a test tube wrapped in foil, then 1 ml of formalin, 5 drops of methylene blue dye (2 grams of methylene blue with 100 ml Distilled water was added to the volume) and finally 3 ml of glycerol was added to the contents of the test tube. Protozoa counting was done by a stereomicroscope and a 40X magnification lens with a neobar slide. Counting was done 4 times for each sample and if there was a big difference between the counted protozoa, the counting was repeated. Finally, the number of protozoa per millimeter of rumen fluid was calculated. To measure volatile fatty acids, 5 ml samples of rumen fluid were prepared and 1 ml of 25% metaphosphoric acid was added to them and kept at -20°C until the experiment. Volatile fatty acids were determined using gas chromatography. The tested rumen enzymes were extracted in different parts of the rumen sap according to the method of Hristov et al. (2001). In order to divide the examined enzymes in the rumen sap into three solid, extracellular and intracellular parts, first the sap (about 50 ml) was filtered by a double layer of cloth and the remaining material on the cloth was considered as a solid part. To separate the protozoan and bacterial parts, the leachate was first centrifuged at 450g for 5 minutes at 37°C. Finally, the results of the experiment were analyzed with the GLM procedure of the SAS statistical program.

The amount of dry matter intake (DMI), the final weight of the ewes and the feed conversion ratio (FCR) were not affected by the experimental treatments. Among the different treatments, no significant difference was observed in terms of pH and protozoa population at three fasting times, three and six hours after feeding. While rumen NH3-N concentration was affected by the experimental treatments in such a way that by increasing the amount of poultry slaughterhouse residue powder in the diet, rumen NH3-N concentration also increased and the highest concentration of ammonia was observed in the treatment of 100 Percent replacement of poultry slaughterhouse residue powder with soybean meal (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the concentration of acetate, propionate, butyrate, isovalerate, valerate and the ratio of acetate to propionate in the rumen, but the total concentration of VFAs in the rumen was affected by the experimental treatments and with the increase in the amount of poultry slaughterhouse residue powder in the diet, the concentration Total rumen VFAs increased (P<0.05). In terms of activity level of hydrolytic enzymes carboxymethylcellulase and microcrystalline cellulase (avicellase) in cellular, extracellular, solid and total parts, no significant difference was observed among experimental treatments.

In general, the results of this experiment showed that it is possible to completely replace poultry slaughterhouse residue powder with soybean meal without negative effects on feed intake and rumen health.

Soybean meal is widely used in animal feed production due to its high protein content and relatively good amino acid pattern balance. However, soybean meal contains several anti-nutritional agents that can affect the digestion and absorption of nutrients. To overcome these limitations, pre-processing of soybean meal through fermentation can be an optimal solution to eliminate anti-nutritional agents and improve the digestibility of nutrients. During fermentation, proteolytic enzymes produced by the microbial population hydrolyze proteins into free peptides and amino acids. This study aimed to produce bioactive peptides from soybean meal by fermentation by Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, Aspergillus oryzea, and hydrolysis by autoclave. Also, isolated and hydrolyzed protein sources were evaluated under in vitro conditions.

Soybean meal was first ground and then its protein was extracted through alkaline extraction and acid precipitation. Microorganisms were cultured in a specific culture medium and after growing in the liquid culture medium, they were added to the isolated protein and the fermentation hydrolysis process was performed on the isolated protein. The autoclave was used to perform the hydrolysis process by autoclave. The isolated and hydrolyzed protein sources were evaluated according to the standard methods to determine the nutritional value such as the amount of crude protein, organic matter, ash, dry matter, and ether extract. In vitro gas production test was performed to assessed effects of hydrolysis methods and hydrolysis extent on biological functionality of protein sources. To use ruminal fluid to perform the gas production test under in vitro conditions, three adult Holstein bulls with ruminal fistula were used. Finally, the data that were obtained from laboratory evaluation were statistically analyzed using a completely randomized design statistical model and the data were analyzed by SAS 9.4 software and GLM PROC command, and the means were compared by Tukey test method at the statistical level of 0.05.

The results of production and evaluation of isolated and hydrolyzed protein sources showed that during hydrolysis, minor changes were made in the chemical composition, but all four hydrolysis treatments increased the production of low molecular weight peptides. Also, it was found that the production of bioactive peptides from soybean meal by different methods has different efficiencies. The highest amount of low molecular weight peptides was produced by Bacillus licheniformis (0.483 μg / ml). Also, autoclave treatment led to the breaking of weak chemical bonds and increased production of small peptides. Also, the results of in vitro gas production method showed that hydrolysis of soybean meal by using A. oryzea increased the amount of gas production and the fermentable part (159.09 and 210.52, respectively).

The general results of the study showed that hydrolysis of soybean meal through bio-fermentation and hydrolysis by autoclave increased the production of bioactive peptides and Bacillus licheniformis produced the highest amount of peptides. Also, Aspergillus oryzea treatment compared to other treatments showed the greatest improvement in the amount of gas production and fermentable part.

Previous studies comparing the effects of soybean meal versus canola meal have shown that canola meal improvement DMI, nitrogen (N) utilization and performance when fed to lactating dairy cows. Considering the high price of soybean meal compared to canola meal and the limited studies conducted to investigate the effect of different levels of replacement, the objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects of replacing soybean meal with canola meal at different levels on performance, rumen and blood parameters in early lactation Holstein cows.

To evaluate the effects of replacing soybean meal with canola meal at different levels on performance, ruminal and blood parameters, twelve multiparous Holstein cows in early lactation were used in a replicated 4×4 Latin square design with 4 treatments. Treatments including different levels of replacement of soybean meal with canola meal in the diet were: 1) Soybean meal as the main source of dietary protein (0% of canola meal), 2) Replacing 50% soybean meal with canola meal in diet and 3) Canola meal as the main source of dietary protein (0% of soybean meal). Feed intake and milk production were recorded for each cow during the last 6 days of the period. Rumen samples were taken from cows on the last day of each experimental period to measure the concentrations of volatile fatty acids and ammonia nitrogen. Blood samples were also taken at the end of each experimental period to determine plasma concentrations of glucose, triglycerides, non-esterified fatty acids, beta-hydroxybutyrate, total protein, albumin, globulin and blood urea nitrogen.

Dry matter was not affected by treatments. Milk production was significantly higher in cows fed diets containing canola meal than in cows fed diet containing 100% soybean meal. The use of different levels of canola meal in the diet caused a significant reduction in the MUN concentration. The other milk compounds concentration were not affected by experimental treatments. The use of combination of soybean meal and canola meal in the diet together increased the apparent digestibility of the dry matter. The apparent digestibility of the protein was increased by feeding canola meal compared to soybean meal. Ruminal pH and ruminal volatile fatty acids concentration were not significantly affected by experimental diets. Except for albumin, none of the blood parameters were affected by the experimental treatments. Concentration of plasma albumin was greater in cows fed diet containing 100% canola meal compared to cows fed two other diets.

In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that replacing sobean meal with canola meal at 50% and 100% level in early lactating cows improved milk production, efficiency of intake nitrogen and apparent digestibility of dry matter and protein.

This study evaluated the effects of coating of soybean meal (SMB) with the fat enriched in saturated fatty acid (SFA) and zeolite on rumen degradable dry matter (RDDM), rumen degradable protein (RDP) and intestinal digestibility of protein. Treatments were (1) SBM, (2) SBM protected with 40% SFA, (3) SBM protected with 38% SFA and 2% zeolite, (4) SBM protected with 50% SFA, (5) SBM protected with 48% SFA and 2% zeolite. To obtain the RDP fraction, samples were ruminally incubated for 16 h. The intestinal digestibility of crude protein was performed by three-step in vitro procedure. The results showed that SBM protecting with SFA reduced protein solubility compared with untreated SBM (P=0.002). The RDDM and RDP were decreased (P<0.05) with increasing fat level in the product. Using 2 % zeolite significantly decreased (P<0.05) RDP. There were no significant differences between SBM and SBM protected treatments in intestinal digestibility. It was concluded that protection of SBM with SFA decreased of RDDM and RDP, while RDP values showed more decrease with the inclusion of zeolite in the fat matrix.

This study was conducted to determine the regression equations based on chemical analyses for predicting apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen retention (AMEn) with nine soybean oil samples available in Iran’s market. Soybean meal AMEn was measured by replacement method with broilers in starter (seven to d 10), grower (21 to d 24) and finisher (31 to d 34) periods through acid insoluble ash marker. The results of current study demonstrated that there are significant difference between chemical analyses data and also biologically determined AMEn of soybean samples available in Iran’s market. The mean of soybean meal AMEn measured in the starter, grower and finisher periods was 1463, 1871 and 2025 kcal/Kg based on dry matter, respectively. Moreover, the difference between estimated value with NRC equation and biologically determined AMEn, in the starter, grower, finisher and whole periods was 34.2, 15.8, 8.9 and 19.7 percent, respectively. Finally, these equations based on coefficient of determination and standard error of prediction criteria are suggested for the starter: AMEn= 47.873×NFE, grower: AMEn= 60.203×NFE, finisher: AMEn= 65.612×NFE and the whole of periods: AMEn=57.923×NFE. As a result, it seems that the equations of current study with accurate AMEn estimation of soybean meals will cause optimum broiler performance.

Oil seeds are commonly used in the diet of Ruminant nutrition to meet energy and protein requirements. To eliminate the anti-nutritional substances and increasing bypass protein, soybean seeds are processed, and heat is the most common way used to processing soybeans. So using bypass proteins is important, Soybean processing causes rumen un-degradable protein content to be increased, that could increase protein absorption in the small intestine and improve nitrogen utilization efficiency. The main objectives of this research were the estimate the effect of dietary replacement of crud, extruded and rousted full-fat soybean with soybean meal on dry matter intake, growth performance, rumen parameters, diet digestibility and feeding behaviors in Afshari male lambs. Experimental diets were assigned to the 7 groups (n = 6/group) in a completely randomized design for a 74-d period (14 d for adaptation and 60 d for data collection). Experimental diets with equal ME and CP concentrations and a forage to-concentrate ratio of 30 to 70 were formulated: Treatment 1: contains 15 percent of soybean meal, treatment 2: Replace of 7.5 percent soybean meal with crud full fat soybean, Treatment 3: Replace of all soybean meal with crud full fat soybean, treatment 4: Replace of 7.5 percent of soybean meal with extruded full fat soybean, Treatment 5: Replace of all soybean meal with extruded full fat soybean, Treatment 6: Replace of 7.5 percent soybean meal with roasted full fat soybean, Treatment 7: Replace of all soybean meal with roasted full fat soybean. Dry matter intakes was effected by experimental diets (P <0.01). Using 15% rousted full fat soybean with the mean of 1.79 kg per day showed the highest dry matter intake. The use of extruded and rousted full fat soybean significantly increased daily gain in comparison with the crud full fat soybean and soybean meal (P <0.05). The use of extruded and rousted full fat soybean significantly reduced feed conversion ratio (P <0.01). In vivo digestibility of crud protein, dry matter and organic matter was not affected by the dietary treatment but neutral detergent fiber was affected by the dietary treatment (P <0.05). Feeding lambs on diets crud, extruded and rousted instead of soybean meal had no effect on volatile fatty acids and feeding behaviors. The use of extruded and roasted full-fat soybean with improved daily gain, in vivo digestibility and reduce feed conversion ratio, increased the fattening performance of Afshari male lamb.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different doses of pistachio by-products (PBP) tannin extracts obtained by water, ethanol 70 % and methanol 80 % on the soybean meals protein protection from ruminal degradability. Soybean meal supplemented with 0.5 and 1 % tannins of different tannin extracts of PBP. Ruminal degradability and disappearance of dry matter and crude protein in untreated soybean meal (control) and soybean meal treated by tannin extracts (6 treatments) was determined in an in situ trial (three head of castrated Taleshi male calves) and post ruminal disappearance was measured in DaisyII incubator. Soybean meal supplementation with 1 % tannin from water extract, 0.5 and 1 % tannin from ethanol and methanol extracts decreased the ruminal protein disappearance (P<0.01) without any negative effect on total gastrointestinal disappearance of dry matter and crude protein. Also, the addition of all of tannin extracts to soybean meal reduced (P<0.01) the concentration of rapidly degradable proteins. In conclusion, the results showed that tannins of water, ethanol and methanol of PBP extracts could be effective on soybean meals protein's protection from ruminal degradability; however, the use of tannin from water extract of PBP can be more economical and practical.

Treatment of a dietary protein such as soybean meal (SBM) to decrease its solubility and thus, its hydrolysis to ammonia in rumen fluid should increase the amount of the dietary protein that bypasses ruminal degradation without sacrificing nitrogen required for ruminal microbial growth (Nishimuta et al. 1974). Protection of dietary protein from ruminal microbial degradation increases the supply of amino acids to the small intestine (Stern, 1981). Thus, the efficiency of protein utilization by the animal should be improved (Driedger and Hatfield 1972). Using suitable and practical processing methods for improving the nutritive value of feedstuff in ruminant nutrition have an important role in reducing production costs and improving production performance of ruminant animals. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of various levels of tannin extracted from pistachio hulls on crude protein (CP) fractionation of soybean meal (SBM) and canola meal (CM) based on the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS). Material and Sun dried pistachio hulls were ground through a 0. 5 mm screen and soaked in water at a ratio of 1:10 (w/v) for 24 h. Then the pistachio extract was filtered and boiled to achieve pistachio extract concentrate (PEC) containing 11% total phenol and 7. 13% total tannin on a dry matter (DM) basis. The rates of PEC treatment were determined based on the previous in vitro findings of Dentinho et al. (2007), who found that treatment of SBM with crude extract from Cistus ladanifer L. caused a decrease in rumen degradation of SBM protein, even at relatively low phenolic doses (12. 5, 25 and 50 g total phenol per kg SBM). A total amount of 1 kg dried SBM and CM were ground through a 1 mm screen for each treatment. Both soybean meal and canola meal were treated with 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30 % of PEC tannin. Finally, treated SBM and CM were airdried for 12 h to reach DM content of about 90% in whole product. The protein fractions of treated SBM and CM were determined according to CNCPS system. Analysis of phenolic compounds was conducted in three replicates as described by Makkar (2000). Total phenol was determined by Folin-Ciocalteu’s reagents, and the concentration was measured as tannic acid equivalent using tannic acid (Merck, Germany) as standard. Total tannins were measured as described by Makkar (2000). A completely randomized design with 6 treatments and 3 replicates was used for the study. The data were analyzed with general linear model procedure of SAS. Significance in the data was established when P<0. 05. Effects of SBM and CM treated with various amounts of PEC on chemical composition indicated that, adding PEC decreased DM, organic matter, neutral detergent fiber (NDF( and acid detergent fiber (ADF) content, but did not affect concentrations of CP for both SBM and CM proteins relative to its control groups. Vahdani et al. (2016) reported decreased NDF content of CM protein treated with tannin extracts from tea and pistachio. On the basis of the results, the lowest amount of soluble fraction (Sum of A and B1) was observed for CM at the level of 5% PEC tannin. There was no significant difference among treatments relative to control group in B2 fraction. Inclusion of PEC increased B3 fraction compared to control and 20% level has showed the highest B3 fraction. There was a reduction in C fraction by increasing level of PEC. The  lowest soluble fraction of CP followed by the highest escaped protein (B2+B3) elicited to recommend 5% level as the best treatment for CM, in lab scale. For SBM, the level of 30% PEC tannin increased bypass fractions of protein compared to other levels (P<0/05). This treatment changed the soluble (A and B1) (12. 37%) and insoluble fractions (B2, B3 and C) (87. 62 %) in SBM compared to the control and other levels of PEC supplementation. The results suggest that PEC supplementation decreases ruminal degradation of SBM, but increased rumen degradability of CM protein. There are some methods to decrease protein degradation in rumen such as using tannins. Tannins have been shown to decrease ruminal degradation of crude protein and increase the amount of CP that reaches the abomasum and small intestine (Alipour and Rouzbehan 2010). When using SBM treated with 10 to 250 g of quebracho tannins per kg, Frutos et al. (2000) also observed a decrease in in vitro intestinal digestibility of protein at the greatest treatment rate. Further research will be needed to determine if tannin treatment of dietary protein improves its digestibility. It has been demonstrated that feeding SBM-treated PEC increases average daily gain and feed efficiency in Holstein bulls (Jolazadeh et al. 2015). Overall, it seems that the tannin extracted from pistachio hull have different effect on CP degradability of SBM and CM. However, further research is necessary to investigate in vivo effects of these treatments

In the past four decades, a vast knowledge has been accumulated on the chemical and biological effects of ionizing irradiation, which has contributed to promote its utilization. The chemical changes resulting from the irradiation of proteins food have been the subject of considerable study. These studies demonstrated both fragmentation and aggregation of food proteins. Application of ionizing radiation treatment of foods on an industrial scale started at the beginning of the 1980s after the joint FAO/IAEA/WHO expert committee accepted the application of a 10 kGy overall average dose for foods. Also in 1981, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration concluded that food irradiated at 50 kGy or less can be considered safe for human consumption. However, gamma irradiation of most human foods is prohibited in many countries. Most other countries that permit food irradiation also require labeling (Shawrang et al 2007). There has always been an interest in food and feed industrial applications of microwaves to improve conventional processes, with the intent of taking advantage of its rapid heating characteristics to reduce energy costs. Since it is cost competitive compared to other methods of heating, it has been used for cereal drying on a large scale. Microwave irradiation seems applicable to cereals, especially for starch, but it has not been used on a commercial scale (Sadeghi and Shawrang 2006). Soybean meal is a commonly used protein supplement for ruminants. Proteins of this supplement are extensively degraded in the rumen. Several feed processing methods (physical and chemical methods) are known to protect soybean meal proteins from ruminal fermentation. However, most of these treatments adversely affect the nutritional characteristics of the final product. No information is available concerning the comparison of gamma, electron beam, infrared and microwave irradiations on ruminal crude protein degradation Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS). This study was conducted to compare the effects of gamma, electron beam, infrared and microwave irradiations on the ruminal protein degradability, intestinal digestibility and nitrogen fractionation of soybean meal based on CNCPS method.
Material and The Soy meal samples were obtained from the Jahan oilseed manufactory located 40 kmwest of Tehran (Iran). The CP, Ether extract (EE), and ash content were 456, 62.1 and 75 g/kg DM, respectively.Treatments were included: 1: raw meal, 2: gamma irradiated meal, 3: electron irradiated meal, 4: microwave irradiated meal, 5: infrared irradiated meal. Gamma irradiation was carried out in a cobalt-60 irradiator equipped with 3.7 PBq (100 kCi) activity at 20°C. The dose rate determined by Fricke dosimetry was 3.7 kGy/h. Three polyethylene packages of samples were irradiated in a gamma cell (Co-60) at doses of 50 kGy in the presence of air (Shawrang et al 2007). For electron beam irradiation, samples were packed in 30 cm × 40 cm × 5 cm nylon bags (0.5 mm thickness) and exposed to electron beam irradiation at the Yazd radiation processing center to dose 45 kGy at room temperature by a Rhodotron accelerator model TT200. All samples were irradiated at fixed beam energy of 10 MeV and the required irradiation doses were obtained by adjusting the electron beam parameters (electron beam current, Conveyor speed and etc.). Double side irradiation (exposure to both sides) was performed for uniform dose delivery. The dose was determined with cellulose triacetate films. Similarly, packed seed samples without irradiation served as control. Microwave irradiation was done at dose of 800 W for 4 min (sadeghi et al 2005) and infrared dose was set at 1000 W for 30 seconds. For chemical analysis, 10 g were ground to pass a 1mm screen and stored at −18 ◦C. Four adult male Moghani wethers with ruminal fistula were used for determination of ruminal degradability of dry matter and protein by nylon bag technique (Ørskov and McDonald 1979). Intestinal digestibility was measured with a three step enzymatic procedure. Proximate chemical analysis and nitrogen fractions were determined according to AOAC (AOAC 2000). Data were analyzed using the general linear models procedure of SAS (SAS 1996). Experimental data were submitted to a Duncan analysis to determine whether the different treatments yielded significantly different results.
There were no significant differences in dry matter, ether extract, protein and ash between the irradiated and non-irradiated or raw grains. The highest and the lowest rapidly degradable fraction (a) of dry matter was found in raw meal and electron beam irradiation, respectively. There were no significant differences among gamma, electron and microwave irradiation for rapidly degradable fraction (a) of dry matter. The lowest and the highest constant rate of dry matter degradability (c) was found in processed meal and raw meal, respectively (P0.05). Effect of different treatments on B1, B2 and B3 fractions was significant compared to raw meal (P0.05). The highest and the lowest intestinal digestibility of crude protein were found in processed meals and raw meal, respectively.
This study indicates that the degradation characteristics of soybean meal proteins could be altered by processing method especially infrared and electron beam irradiation. Irradiation processing of soybean meal resulted in decrease of effective protein degradation in the rumen and increase of intestinal crude protein digestibility by creating the cross-linking and aggregation of the polypeptide chains. Based upon these results, the best irradiation methods for soybean meal were suggested to be infrared and electron beam, respectively.

This study examined the effects of partial replacement of soybean meal (SBM) with heat-treated soybean meal (HSBM) in heat-stressed cows. 32 multiparous Holstein cows (DIM = 110 ± 20; milk yield = 40 ± 4.1 kg) were used in a complete block randomized design with a 2×2 factorial arrangment of treatments. Treatments included two dietary crude protein levels (i.e. 17 and 15.5%) each combined with HSBM partially replaced for SBM. The experiment was conducted in two periods of 28 days with the last seven days for sampling and collection of data of tempreature, nutrient intake and digestibility and blood variables. Average THI showed that cows were in mild heat stress (70.60 and 71.50 for periods 1 and 2, respectively)(p > 0.05). Diets with 15.5% CP and based on HSBM increased intakes of dry and organic matter (p 0.05). Butyric and isovaleric acid were increased in cows received HSBM (p

Feed processing may increase feed consumption efficiency and consequently animal performance. The requirement for protein in high yielding dairy cows is often more than the capacity of ruminal microorganisms. So using bypass proteins is important. Soybean processing causes rumen undegradable protein content to be increased, that could increase protein absorption in the small intestine, with least changes, and improve nitrogen utilization efficiency.
Nine multiparous Holstein cows, 571.4 ± 58 kg body weight, 117 ± 9 d milk production and 29.4 ± 8 kg milk production, were assigned to a change over experimental design. Treatments comprised basal diet soybean meal, basal diet roasted soybean seed, and basal diet extruded soybean. Three cows in each period and group were considered as replicate. This experiment was carried out in three periods and each period last 21 days, 14 days of adaptation and seven days sampling and data collection. Milk production was recorded daily. On the nineteenth and twentieth day of each period, a sample of milk was collected in order to measure fat, protein, lactose, and milk total solids. Blood, milk and rumen nitrogen were measured in each sampling period. Rumen pH and blood parameters, glucose, urea nitrogen, total protein, triglyceride, and cholesterol, were assessed.
Substitution of processed soybean with soybean meal had no effects on dry matter intake and body weight. Total milk production, milk production as 3.5 % fat corrected milk, total solids, fat percent, protein percent, lactose percent and milk urea nitrogen were not different among treatments. Rumen pH and rumen ammonia nitrogen were not affected by treatments. Apparent digestibility of nutrients was not affected by substituting soybean meal. Blood glucose, urea nitrogen, total protein, triglyceride, and cholesterol were same among experimental groups.
Results of present study showed that substitution of soybean meal with roasted or extruded soybean will not improve milk production of dairy cows in mid-lactation. So substitution of soybean meal with processed soybean is not reasonable unless soybean processing be less expensive than soybean seed oil extraction.

Three Non-lactating Holstein cows equipped with ruminal cannulas were used to determine the impact of different methods of treating soybean meal (SBM) on the ruminal degradability and intestinal digestibility of crude protein and amino acids (AA). Solvent-extracted SBM (Control), Meal processed by adding 25% (w/w) water and heated at 150 °C for 30 minutes (treatment 2), Meal heated at 150 °C for 30 minutes (treatment 3), and meal melted xylose by adding 3 moles per mole of lysine and heated at 150 °C for 30 minutes (treatment 4), were incubated in the rumen in nylon bags for 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, and 48 h according to National Research Council (2001) guidelines. Processing of SBM caused the rapidly degradable CP fraction, slowly degradable CP fraction and the constant degradation rate of crude protein was reduce, increase and decreased, respectively (P

In order to evaluate the effect of barley grain processing and dietary nitrogen source on digestibility, microbial protein synthesis and nitrogen retention in sheep, an experiment was conducted as 2×2 factorial under a completely randomized design. The experimental diets included 1) whole barley grain urea, 2) whole barley grain soybean meal, 3) cracked barley grain urea and 4) cracked barley grain soybean meal. During the digestibility experiment, total urine of sheep was collected, and blood samples were taken at 1 and 7 hours after morning feeding at the last day. Results showed that barley grain processing decreased dry matter digestibility (from 73.82 to 71.58 percent) and organic matter digestibility (from 74.94 to 72.84 percent) of diet (P

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of replacing soybean meal with hempseed meal in diet on performance, egg quality and blood parameters in laying hens. A total of 200 Hy-line 102 wks laying hens were randomly allotted to 25 cages in 5 dietary treatments with 5 replicates (8 birds each replicate). This experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with 5 treatments involved different ratio of soybean meal to hempseed meal protein source including 1) ratio of 100: 0 protein of soybean meal to hempseed meal (control); 2) ratio of 75: 25 protein of soybean meal to hempseed meal; 3) ratio of 50: 50 protein of soybean meal to hempseed meal; 4) ratio of 25: 75 protein of soybean meal to hempseed meal; and 5) ratio of 0: 100 protein of soybean meal to hempseed meal. Egg production, egg mean weight and feed intake in the birds fed diet contained ratio of 0: 100 protein of soybean meal to hempseed meal were higher than control diet (P

In this research to investigate of the effect of tannin`s type and level on rumenal degradation of soybean meal (SBM) and canola meal (CM), two experiments have be done. At first experiment supplements were treated by semi-pure tannin of pomegranate-pistachio (PP), in different levels (0, 10 and 15 % of DM for SBM and 0, 5 and 10% of DM for CM). In second experiment, these supplements were treated by (PP), pomegranate-tea (PT) and sole pomegranate (P) at same levels (10% of DM). The effects of these treatments on protein fractioning of treated and untreated SMB and CM was determined by, CNCPS system, in comparison with fish meal (FM) and corn gluten meal (CGM), as a sources of bypass protein. According to results, treated SBM by PP 10% (SBM-PP) and treated CM by PP5% could increase bypass protein fraction in comparison with FM and CGM. So it can be concluded that these treatments, could be used in reminant diet to provide by pass protein, but further research is necessary to investigate in vivo effects of these treatments.

The best sources of plant protein legum forage (beans) are oilseeds and meals. Plant protein supplements usually are high in rumen degradability. Soybean, which is assumed to be worth 100 with 41 to 45 percent crude protein is the most abundant and highest quality plant protein supplement. And contains a high energy and protein and amino acid pattern is relatively good. It is contain high lysine and low methionine. Sesame meal is sesame seed oil extraction operations (Sesamum indicum) with more than 44% crude protein and contain appropriate amounts of essential amino acids especially arginine, leucine and methionine. However, little attention to the use of sesame meal has been fed to sheep. The purpose of this study The effect of substitution soybean meal with sesame meal on growth performance, feed intake, nutrient digestibility, average daily gain, carcass characteristics and meat quality in growing lambs.
This study was conducted to investigate the effect of replacing levels of soybean meal by sesame meal on feed intake, digestibility, performance and carcass characteristics of feedlotting lamb in a completely randomized design with 5 treatments including 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 treatments with replaced 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% sesame meal by soybean meal in4 replications for 90 days. Animals were weighed every 15 days, feed intake measured daily, and total collection of faeces was done for 50 to 55thendigestibility of dry matter and nutrients were determined. At the end of the experiment, two replications of each treatment are slaughtered and their carcasses were evaluated.
Daily feed intake, body weight, daily gain and feed conversion, time feed intake, rumination and chewing activity there were no significant differences among the treatments. The apparent digestibility of dry matter, crude fat and organic matter, difference between treatement was statistically significant. Treatment 4 had the highest apparent digestibility for DM between treatments. By increasing sesame meal the passage rate of solid mater in the rumen reduced and in contrary the ruminal mean retention time increased comparision to treatment 1. Full replacement of sesame meal at treatment 5 significantly increased the N-NH3. In addition, a significant dofferent were observed in the breast, blood and, kidney fat weight and body length of the hip bone among treatments.
The results showed that the diet with 75% sesame meal situated with soybean meal as a protein source without significant effect improved digestibility, average daily gain, feed conversion ratio and the performance. In general, sesame meal can replaced at any level with soybean meal in the ration of fattening lambs without harmful effects on the parameters of production and fattening performance.

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of Aspergillus oryzae fermented soybean meal and dietary protein level on performance and gasterointestinal microbial population in broiler chickens in a completely randomized design with 2×2 factorial arrangement containing, 2 forms of soybean meal (raw and fermented) and 2 levels of protein (Low and High protein). Two hundred and forty Ross 308 broilers were allocated to 4 experimental treatments with 5 replicates of 12 chickens each. The results showed thatreplacing fermented soybean meal with soybean meal in diet decreased to feed intake(P0.05). Abdominal fat percentage was significantly higher in low protein diet than high protein diet (P

This study was performed aimed at evaluating the effect of substitution of calcium hydroxidehydrolyzed feather with soybean meal (SBM) in ruminant diet using the in vitro gas production technique. Treatment 1 (control) consisted of 70% concentrate + 30% alfalfa hay. In treatment 2, untreated (raw) feather was substituted with SBM. In treatments 3, 4, and 5, feather hydrolysate obtained following hydrolysis with calcium hydroxide in a reactor at 1400 rpm and 100ºC for 100, 200, or 300 min was replaced with SBM. By increasing the reaction time from 100 to 300 min, the feather solubility increased from 50.8 to 90.7%. Diets containing solubilized feather had greater in vitro digestibility (72.9, 79.0 and 69.3%) compared to the diet containing untreated feather (59.2%), but the increase was not directly correlated with pretreatment duration. No significant difference was recorded in ruminal NH3-N between control treatment (7.82 mg/100 mL) and the treatment containing feather pretreated for 200 min (7.64 mg/100 mL), but significant differences were found between untreated feather (4.17 mg/100 mL) and the control treatment. Microbiological evaluation of the pretreated feather samples showed that hydrolysis conditions were effective in controlling microbial contamination. The results showed that feather pretreated for 200 min could be a promising alternative for replacing a portion of proteins in the ruminant diet; however, the actual value of the hydrolyzed feather for ruminants must be determined in in vivo studies.

The effect of feeding roasted- or extruded soybean and their equal combination instead of soybean meal on feed intake, milk yield and milk composition, meal pattern and chewing behavior was evaluated using four multiparous (DIM = 113 ± 14) and four primiparous (DIM = 96 ± 20) Holstein dairy cows. Cows were used in a replicate 4 × 4 Latin square design with 21-d periods. Experimental diets were: 1) diet containing soybean meal (13.88% of dietary DM); 2) diet containing roasted soybean (15.22% of dietary DM); 3) diet containing extruded soybean (15.55% of dietary DM); and 4) diet containing equal blend (7.69% of dietary DM) of roasted- and extruded soybean. Feed intake, sorting index, meal pattern, and chewing behavior were measurement using standard procedures. Milk yield and milk composition, dry matter intake, meal size and inter-meal interval were not influenced by experimental diets. Although both meal length and total eating time tended (P=0.06) to be increased for primiparous vs. multiparous cows, eating rate (P=0.06) and dry matter intake (P=0.01) were greater for multiparous cows. Experimental diets had no effect on sorting index. Number of rumination bouts and total rumination time were greater for primiparous vs. multiparous cows. Results indicated that milk yield, dry matter intake, feeding pattern, and chewing activity were not influenced by feeding processed soybean instead of soybean meal.