جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « Poverty » در نشریات گروه « کشاورزی »

One of the most obvious aspects of poverty is the apparent link between this phenomenon and the degradation of natural resources, which leads to environmental instability. In the present study, the relationship between poverty and natural resource degradation in Iran was investigated within the VECM model in the period 1994-2018. The study results showed that the first break of poverty had a positive and significant effect on the degradation of natural resources and a one percent increase in the poverty index would increase the amount of natural resources degradation by 0.19 percent, but the value added of agriculture had a negative effect on natural resources degradation and with a one percent increase in value added, the natural resources would be less extracted by 0.20 percent; also, energy price liberalization and trade liberalization had negative effects on the natural resources degradation while the food security index had a positive and significant effect on the natural resources degradation, so that for every one percent increase in the food security index, the rate of natural resources degradation would increase by 0.78 percent. In addition, according to the study results, energy efficiency has a negative effect on the rate of natural resources degradation with a coefficient of -0.21, but this rate is not significant. The coefficient of the ECM variable is equal to -0.59, which is statistically significant at the level of 95 percent and is in accordance with the theory and indicates that in each period, 59.77 percent of the imbalance error will disappear; also, providing the fuel needed by the rural people, providing subsidies and facilities for the use of new technologies to improve productivity as well as supporting producers and consumers in a targeted way to reduce the degradation of natural resources and protect the environment will be helpful.

The purpose of this study was to explain the economic, social and political structure of poverty in the village of Shamshir with a fundamental theory approach. The main question of the research was what factors explain the economic, social and political structure of poverty in Shamshir village? Research in terms of applied purpose, qualitative research method, methods used to collect data; Observation, unstructured interview, note-taking and focus group and data analysis method is the foundation of data theory. The research sampling was done using purposive sampling approach and theoretical sampling method and rural poor were interviewed under the auspices of the Imam Relief Committee and the Welfare Department of Paveh city. Interview data were analyzed in three stages of open, axial and selective coding to classify concepts and categories. Open codes containing 70 concepts and central codes including 24 categories were identified in the form of six dimensions of paradigm model including causal conditions, contextual conditions, main phenomenon, implicit conditions, strategies and consequences. Finally, government support, private and cooperative companies, and the economic policies of the government and other institutions are strategies to reduce poverty in Shamshir village.

Forest income occupies a significant proportion of total household income for many dweller communities in Zagros forests. The aim of this study was to investigate the livelihood dependence on forest in the Homian-Zaron area of Kouhdasht city in central Zagros. The sample size according to Cochran's formula was estimated 215 households in 30 villages. The households in each village were selected through random sampling. The socio-economic data of household was collected through a questionnaire, oral interviews with people and direct observations in 2018. First, the impact of forest income on household economy was estimated and then the poverty line and poverty indices including headcount ratio, poverty gap, Foster- Greer-Thorbecke (FGT), Sen, Gini coefficient and level social welfare of households with and without forest income were calculated. Multiple regression was used to analyze the socio-economic factors influencing the economic dependence of households on forest. The result showed that households earn 34.91% of their total net income from forest. With the elimination of forest income, all poverty indices and Gini coefficient were increased and the level of household social welfare was decreased. The results of regression analysis indicated that household size and livestock value were positively and distance from forest, agricultural income and off-farm income were negatively significant and correlated with household economic dependence on forest. The research findings show that focusing on these factors can achieve a balance between improving livelihoods of poor rural and nomadic households and sustainable utilization of forest.

Since there is a close relationship between poverty and migration from rural to urban areas in Iran, determining the quality and quantity of the relationship between these two variables can effectively help to explain the rural and urban development policies. Therefore, this study aimed at investigating this relationship using both Toda-Yamamoto (TY) and Bounds tests as well as the data of population and its natural growth rate, the percentage of poor people, and Gini coefficient during 1985-2913. The results of both causality tests showed that migration and poverty were closely linked and had a two way relation; in addition, the rural poverty could be the cause of migration from the rural to urban areas, and the migration could also lead to rural poverty alleviation. In other words, the migration leads to poverty mitigation in the rural area. Therefore, the government can improve the allocation of funds in accordance with the situation of migrants, including informal jobs.

Poverty is prevalent in majority of the world's nations. If a country is not on the path of eliminating or reducing poverty, it will not be on the path of growth and development. Undoubtedly, the first step in planning of anti-poverty and reducing inequality for development of society is a good recognizing of poor people and poverty situations. To do so, it is necessary to define and use poverty indicators for measuring poverty, which can reveal the different aspects of poverty. Indeed, more precisely identifying the number and grade of households below the poverty line in different locations can help policymakers toward better planning. According to the statistics provided by the Statistical Centre of Iran, in recent years, due to the low level of income of villagers, it has been emphasized more on poverty issue in the rural sector than the urban sector, and the size and severity of poverty in rural areas have been more tangible. Income inequalities (using the Gini coefficient) have always been higher in rural areas than in urban areas. So in this regard, the main purpose of this study is to "survey the rural poverty indices and its affecting factors in rural areas of Iran". One of the most important concerns of governments is awareness of poverty and inequality in society to take action to improve the status of poverty and distribution of income. In this regard, it is important to determine the poverty line and poverty measurement indicators. In this study, poverty indicators were categorized into two categories of "Classical indicators", including "Head Quant Ratio", "Poverty Gap index", "Income Gap Ratio", "Kakwani Index", "Kakwani - Sen index", "Sen Index" and "Modern indicators", including "Gini coefficient index", "Atkinson index", "Araar Index", "DER Index", "Foster - Wolfon index", and "Steban Grading Ray Index". It should be noted that the classification of indices is done to simplify the subject, although the basis of this classification is the observance of the two "monotonicity axiom" and "transfer axiom" by the indexes, that is, the use or absence of polarization in the distribution of income (and inequality). The polarization distribution of a variable is the degree of distribution be distributed around a polar group. Many papers and studies have examined the difference between indices of inequality and polarized indicators and concluded that, in general, phenomena such as "middle class disappeared" or "boundary grouping" cannot be estimated by indices of inequality such as "Gini coefficient index". These topics require more robust and complete indicators that can also analyze the polarity of the data. the aim of this research is examining the situation of poverty and distribution of income “inequality”. Indicators of poverty measurement include modern and classical indicators then  the impact of some macroeconomics variables on poverty  has been investigated using data of income plan for households in rural areas in years 1987-2016, with Stata software and DASP package calculating classical indicators which includes: "Head Quant Ratio", "Poverty Gap", "Income Gap Ratio", "Kakwan index", "Severity Poverty of Sen", "Sen Poverty index" and modern indicators which includes: "Gini index", "Atkinson index", "Arrar index", "DER index", "Foster - Wolfson index, "Steban Gradin Ray index. In order to investigate the factors affecting poverty, firstly, between two linear and logarithmic functional forms, logarithmic forms are used as the appropriate form for running regression. In addition, White's powerful variance has been used to solve the heterogeneity variance problem. The results of regression estimation for factors affecting poverty indicators show that economic growth, fertility rate, unemployment, household size, time trend, rural population, agricultural producer price index, net capital agriculture and agricultural value added affect all six modern indicators of poverty. The result of indicators using income plan data for households in rural areas  for years 1987-2016, with Stata 14.0 software  and DASP 3.0 package shows that poverty increased in years 1987-1992 and 2012-2016 but decreased in 1993 till 2011. Reducing unemployment, controlling inflation and controlling the growth rate of rural populations are important factors affecting poverty. Increasing agricultural producers' prices will improve rural incomes and improve poverty, as well as increase in agricultural investment and increase in agricultural value added, which can have a major impact on rural welfare and poverty. It is also recommended that supportive policies based on spatial and regional differences should be developed and applied based on the difference in income deciles.

Measuring changes in economic welfare has been known as one of the practical economic issues. So, this study aimed to calculate the welfare changes resulted from the changes in Iran food prices. To accomplish such task, welfare macroeconomic theory, compensating variation (CV) criteria, household income and expenditure data of Iran in 2014 were used. The purpose of this study is to provide scientific solutions to assess consumer behavior and estimate the price elasticity of goods. Compensating variation represents the net income that must be given to household in order to restore them to the utility level they have been before the price changes. The price change is negative after an increase because it is expressed as a central authority’s expenditure to restore the household to the pre-price change utility level. In order to estimate compensated variation, at first household's demand system should be estimated. So, the parameters of the demand system are estimated by applying nonlinear seemingly unrelated regression to the system of eight share equations. Parameter estimates, summarized in form of income and price elasticities, provide more clear understanding of household food consumption behavior in 2014 and also these parameter estimates provide a theoretically consistent model of household food demand that can be used to evaluate the welfare impressions of food price increases. Uncompensated own price elasticities are calculated. Due to the absolute value of the coefficients of elasticity, it can be stated that for urban households the demand for all selected goods, other than oil and fat, is not elastic to price changes. Investigation of the non-compensatory cross-sectional for cereals indicates the existence of a complementary relationship between cereals and most foods. Meanwhile, the most and the least complete complementary relationship is between cereals- meat and cereals - sugar. In other words, urban households after the inclusion of cereals in their basket regard this food as a supplement to their food basket. Investigating cross-sectional elasticity of meat in urban households revealed a substitution relationship between meat, dairy, oil and fat, fruits, vegetables and sugar. According to the absolute value of cross-sectional, it can be stated that there is a weak substitution relationship between the desired foods. The positive sign of cross-sectional elasticity implies an increase in meat consumption in urban households as a result of rising food prices. Also, the relationship between meat and cereals with respect to the negative elasticity is a Complementary relationship. Therefore, a one- percent increases in the price of cereals, assuming that the other requirements for meat demand are fixed, leads 0.023% to –percent decrease in meat demand. Based on the results of Table 2, non-compensatory cross-sectional of dairy products indicates the existence of complementary relationship between dairy products and cereals. Other cross-sectional elasticities for dairy products are positive and indicate the substitution relationship of dairy products with other foods, including meat. The highest ratio of substitution to dairy is tea and coffee with cross-sectional elasticity equals 0.415%. Therefore, urban households, after adding dairy products in their basket, add tea and coffee as a substitute for dairy products to their food basket. An examination of cross-sectional elasticity for oil and fat indicates the existence of a complementary relationship between oil and fat with fruits, tea and coffee. In other words, urban households after adding fat and oil in their basket will add fruits, tea and coffee as a complement to their basket, which means increasing the consumption of fruits, tea and coffee along with fat and oil consumption for urban households.
Results of current study indicate of high income elasticity for cereals due to the variety of goods as well as existence of numerous types of cultivars processed in this kind of foods. So this kind can be considered as luxury especially for the types of processed products. The elasticities of other foods are positive and smaller than one. So these foods are considered as essential commodities for urban households.
In the next section, three scenarios including 15, 25 and 50 percent increase in food prices are considered and the impacts of changes in food prices on urban household expenditures are calculated by means of the welfare index of compensatory changes for the eight main food groups. Results reveal that for urban households the average consumption of meat is higher than other food stuffs. After meat, the highest consumption expenditure is allocated to cereals with the average consumption expenditures calculated for urban households s 892,000 Rials. In other words, these two groups of foods including cereals and meat are among the main commodities in the household food basket. Considering the importance and share of food commodities in the consumption basket of households, this study examines the effect of rising prices of edible chips on welfare and consequently on poverty of urban households. In this regard, the quadratic ideal demand system has been applied to estimate the demand for household food commodities and the criterion of compensating variation has been used as the welfare measure The results show that, given the absolute value of the coefficients of own elasticity, it can be stated that for these households demand for all selected goods other than oil and fat is inelastic in response to price changes. Therefore supposed that foodstuffs have a high share of the households basket, it is necessary to provide financial support to maintain the welfare of households and pay equivalent compensatory changes calculated to retain the desirability of households.

Considering the importance of poverty reduction in sustainable development of a country and increase of social welfare level and on the other hand the importance of it to determine the eligible people for using of welfare services and programs, it is necessary to study in this field. The purpose of this paper is to estimate poverty line in rural areas of Iran from 1997 to 2013. For this purpose, by using costs and income household data from the Statistical Centre of Iran, at first calculation of food matrix, the amount of received energy in different deciles has been measured and then the absolute poverty line for rural areas based on 2300 calories has been estimated. The results revealed that during the 17 years, trend of absolute poverty line in rural areas of Iran has increased, so that, in rural area of Iran in the year 1997 Amount of poverty line was 71766 Rial and in 2013 was 2422220 which means the poverty line has become almost 33.7 times.

Iran, as a developing country, is intentionally or unintentionally facing with the phenomenon of migration from rural to urban area, which is of great importance from the policy maker's point of view. It can play a very important role in the development of policies, therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of poverty on the migration from rural to urban area of Iran for the period of 1985 to 2013 using ARDL model. According to the results, the poverty, the ratio of urban to rural wage and the difference between rural and urban Gini coefficient have significant and positive impact on migration from rural to urban area. While the labor productivity in the agriculture sector have a statistically negative and significant impact on the migration from rural to urban area. Therefore, it is recommended that the government reduce the rural poverty and wage gap between rural and urban area.

Eradication of poverty has always been one of the most important aims of sustainable rural development. Poverty has gender-based dimension and gender inequality is one of the most important aspects of poverty. Gender inequality is a complex concept which includes subjective and objective facets. This concept is affected and/or formed based on community member's believes and has a great impact on living standards of community members. In this regard, analysis of factors influencing gender inequality among poor farmers’ households was determined as the main purpose of the present research. The statistical population of the study consisted the poor farmers’ households in rural areas of Sarevestan County in Fars Province (N=480). Totally, 215 households were selected as a sample group using Krejcie and Morgan's sampling table and stratified random sampling method. Research findings revealed that variables like gender stereotypes, gender socialization, men's perception about ability to control the resources and, women's perception about ability to control the resources positively and significantly correlated with gender inequality. While, men's attitude towards the share of women in resources control revealed a negative and significant correlation with gender inequality.

This paper aims to determine the relationship between macro-economic variables such as، inequality and economic growth on poverty for period of 2000-2010. Data were extracted from income-expenditure survey of rural families. The results of the study indicated that poverty and income inequality decreased slightly during the period under study. The results showed that due to increasing inequality and economic participation، the percentage of poor families has been increased، but increase in savings has caused absolute poverty to decline.

The purpose of this study is surveying the production risk and evaluation the factors affecting on risk tendency of saffron farmers in Torbat-e Heydarieh with emphasis on poverty index in 2010. For this purpose، 91 questionnaires were completed from saffron farmers using random sampling method. Thus، Just and Pope (1979) model was used for determination of effective factors on production risk. Risk averse index of farmers was calculated using risk parameter provided by Moscardi and DeJanvry (1977). Also، poverty indexes were calculated using FGT index. According to the results، factors such as land under cultivation، fertilizer consumption، and water use have negative effect on production risk. The most saffron farmers were risk averse too. Results of calculating headcount index show that about 55 % of sample is poor and the most of them are risk averse. Index of poverty gap revealed that with decreasing the risk averse degree of saffron farmers، poverty gap will decrease. Poverty intensity index show that with increasing the degree of risk take of poor saffron farmers، they will suffer less from the poverty. According to the results، age and education level have a positive and negative effect on risk averse of saffron farmers respectively. Also، land under cultivation of saffron to total of land under cultivation ratio and saffron income to total of agriculture income ratio show a negative effect on risk averse of farmers. Placing the farmers in poverty core lead to increase the level of risk averse.

This study investigated nomad households’ poverty in drought period and identified its determinant s in Fars province of Iran. D ata were gathered by 457 questionnaires from the nomad families through three-stage cluster random sampling. Standardized p recipitation index was used to classify drought severity, the headcount poverty and poverty gap indexes were used to determine the poverty situation, and the Tobit model was used to determine the factors affecting poverty probability. The result revealed that an increase of 17.5 percent in the poverty gap is very important in the drought period. Investigating the determinants indicated that the social structure of nomads based on their local knowledge was the most important factor in reducing the poverty gap in drought co nditions; and unreliable w ater resources were known as the most important and most fundamental cause of increasing poverty in the nomad society. Accordingly, to combat the poverty of nomads in such periods, the study suggests focusing on identification of strengths of nomad social structure and generalizing them as well as creating safe water resources.

This paper has calculated some of the most important indexes of social welfare، changes and income inequality including، Gini coefficient، docile ratio، Engel coefficient، social welfare، household real costs per capita، gap between urban and rural consumption and poverty line in the rural areas، using cost statistics and income household during 2005-2011. The research findings show that income inequality based on calculated indexes has fluctuations both in the rural areas of the country and north Khorasan Province but reduced considerably in 2011. North Khorasan Province shows unequal income distribution during the studied period compared to the country. Also the results reveal that social welfare indexes in the rural areas، have had a descending trend both in north Khorasan Province and in the country، but rural areas of north Khorasan Province have been in the worse situation. Furthermore poverty line has had an ascending trend which one of the main reasons of this increase has been the high rate of inflation.

In this study, the situation of poverty and its effective factors were investigated in rural regions of Kohgiloyeh and Boyerahmad Province. The statistical population included rural region of province and 403 families of them have been selected using Patten sampling table and clustered multi-stag sampling technique. The results indicated that the monthly alimentary poverty line, non-alimentary poverty line and total poverty line are 337.2, 195.6 and 532.8 thousand Rails in the year of 2009 respectively. Also, head count, gap and the intensity of alimentary poverty are 31.3, 9.6 and 4 percent and proportion of capitation, gap and the severity of alimentary poverty are 32.3, 8.6 and 6.3 percent respectively. According to the results, It can be said that factors such as family dimension, proportion of persons who have income in the family, proportion of literate persons in the family, distance of the village from the center of township, use of the supporting assistances, banking facilities, ownership of land, having bath, number of rooms, ownership of tractor, social welfare and membership in cooperation were the most important factors affecting poverty in rural region of Kohgiloyeh and Boyerahmad Province.

This study aims at investigating the effect of factor productivity changes on rural poverty indexes over the period of 1981-2007. It estimates a simultaneous model through three Stages Least Squares (3SLS) method. The results indicate that the productivity improvements can reduce poverty indicator, and the resulting coefficients reveal that a productivity change by one percent in land and labor force tends to reduce the poverty index by 0.759 and 0.349 percent, respectively; and since the coefficients of the variables affecting the productivity in the model (ie R&D, fertilizers, labor force, machinaries per ha, and rate of litracy) are significant, considering each one of them could be effective in poverty reduction. In addition, according to the factors affecting the improvement of income distribution in the Gini coefficient equation, we can state that increasing the government expenditure would lead to a more equitable distribution of income and reduce poverty in rural areas.

Abstract Regarding to the reduction of poverty and inequality of income distribution is top priority, especially in developing countries; in this paper the impact of trade liberalization and economic sectors growth on poverty were evaluated. For this purpose according to Mathur (2003), effective of different variables on poverty and Gini coefficient using ordinary least square has been surveyed in 1959-2008. Results show that in the long term, trade liberalization can lead to better income distribution and poverty reduction. Agricultural sector is one of the biggest sectors and most of the poor people are in the agricultural sector, therefore agricultural growth and then income in the this sector is very important for success in poverty reduction policies. Also, estimates show positive effect of trade liberalization, per capita income and value added of agriculture sector to reduce poverty. So for poverty reduction, development of agriculture sector compared to other economic sectors and trade liberalization on long time can reduce poverty.