جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « جمجمه » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

The aim of this study was to compare the effect of direct cranial electrical stimulation and cognitive-behavioral therapy on cognitive functions and psychological well-being of methamphetamine-dependent patients.
This experimental study was a post-test pre-test by control group. The statistical population was all male patients dependent on methamphetamine referred to Gam Addiction Treatment Clinic in Ghaemshahr in 1399, from which 45 statistical samples were selected by convenience sampling method and randomly divided into 3 groups of 15 (Experiment 1, Experiment 2 and Control) were divided. Subjects in all three groups answered the Wechsler Form A (1945) and Reef (1989) psychological well-being questionnaires in three stages of pre-test, post-test and follow-up. For experimental group 1, direct electrical stimulation from the skull with a maximum current of 2 mA and a maximum voltage of 80 volts, and for the experimental group 2, sessions of cognitive-behavioral therapy on the protocol of cognitive-behavioral therapy (Bailing, McCabe, Anthony, 2011) It was performed for 12 sessions and the control group did not receive any treatment. SPSS24 software and descriptive and analytical statistics (Analyze of Covariance and Post-Hoc) were used to analyze the data.
The analysis showed that direct electrical stimulation from the skull and cognitive-behavioral therapy had a positive and significant effect on cognitive functions and psychological well-being (p < 0.05). But the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy was greater (p < 0.05).
Cognitive-behavioral therapy can be used to reduce psychological problems cognitive functions and improvement in methamphetamine-dependent patients.

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is the prevalent cause of mortality, morbidity. We need to do more research on the animal model to study this injury in detail. So, this study aimed to create a moderate TBI model with a pendulum in male rats.

In this study, 14 male Wistar rats weighing 230±10 grams were prepared and kept in the laboratory environment for one week to adapt to the laboratory conditions. Grouping was done randomly in two groups the control and the trauma group. To create TBI, a pendulum with a weight of 10 kg and a length of 40 cm was made with steel profiles of 2 cm. The force on the skull caused a moderate brain injury. Then, the mice were tested by examining their behavior (Morris blue puzzle test) and using a microCT-Scan.

In the study of the images obtained from the CT scan by comparing the two groups, moderate subdural brain damage was confirmed in the trauma group (P<0.001). The first week was for training and learning the mice in the environment of this experiment. The learning process was carried out during the first week when the duration of finding the glass platform of each mouse was recorded on different days. Further investigation of the behavior of rats in the trauma group showed that the average duration of finding the platform increased compared to the control group (P<0.001).

The device designed in this study could create a rat brain trauma model, so it is hoped that this device can be used in other studies.

Millions of people go to the emergency department annually because of a brain injury caused by an accident, a fight, a high jump, or a sports injury. Since having information about anatomy helps in understanding diseases and treating them, in this article, we aim to make a comparison between anatomical descriptions in traditional medicine and modern medicine on skeletal and facial bones and muscles. This study was a review-descriptive study conducted on the books of traditional medicine including zakhire-e kharazmshahi, Tashrih - Mansuri, Canon, Hidayat al-Mutaallimin, and anatomy of Abdolvahab Tafreshi. Subsequently, Gray's and Snell's anatomy textbooks were compared. In the end, comparatively, differences and similarities were discussed.  Anatomical information indicates that in the field of anatomy the names of the bones and muscles of the skulls have been carefully and delicately expressed by the well-known Iranian physicians, and there is a great deal of agreement between the two schools, demonstrating their knowledge of wisdom and accuracy to fully understand the body. Therefore, it emphasizes the need for more use of traditional medicine books by a modern physician. This information came at a time when physicians did not have access to diagnostic devices such as ultrasound, radiology, etc. The invention of numerous surgical instruments at that time, many of which are still used in operating rooms confirms the claim that anatomical information was obtained through surgery.

 Pterion is a suture that is located in the lateral side of the skull in the depth of which there are middle meningeal vessels, the root of the lateral sulucus, the sinus cavernus, the bruca area and the insula cortex. In addition, it is a landmark for craniotomy and surgical approaches in tumors of the Willis ring or the frontal lobe for neurosurgeons. Due to the importance of pterion morphometry for neurologists, in the present study, morphometric indices of pterion and its types were studied in dry skulls.

This descriptive study was performed on 37 skulls with no deformity and pathologic problems in 2017-2018. The vertical distance of the pterion to the center of the zygomatic arch and its horizontal distance to the frontosigmatic suture were measured. Murphy division was used to investigate the types of pterions. Finally, the data were entered into SPSS software and analyzed with descriptive statistics and T-test.

A total of 37 skulls were examined. The mean vertical distance of the pterion to the center of the zygomatic arc was 1.99 ± 1.41 cm and the mean horizontal distance of the pterion to the frontosigmatic suture was 2.80 ± 0.76 cm. The frequency of the sphenoparital, frontotemporal, stellate, and epipetric types were 89.1%, 5.4%, 2.7%, and 2.7%, respectively. The statistical test did not show any significant difference between the distance between the pterion and the zygomatic arch (p = 0.16) on the left and right. There was a significant difference between the pterion and the fento-zygomatic suture on the left and right (p = 0.005).

The study of morphological features of the skull bone is useful for neurologists, forensic specialists, and anatomists. However, other studies with a higher sample size on the skull bone, as well as radiographs and CT scans in different parts of the country appear necessary.

The skull is one of the most important parts of the body used to determine gender in forensic medicine. Previous studies have focused on cadavers’ skulls in races other than Aryan race. However, the aim of this study was to focus only on temporal bone of living people in our country and evaluate the metric differences between the two sexes. In this is a cross-sectional descriptive analytical study, CT images of patients in Amir Aalam Hospital were selected by the quota-convenience sampling method during 2015-2017. Temporal bone metric indices were calculated and compared in two groups of men and women. The results showed a significant difference in lateral angle of internal acoustic canal, length of mastoid process and the length to width ratio of mastoid process between women and men. But the width of mastoid process, bone thickness and Hounsfield units of squamous part of temporal bone and the angle between squamous part and zygomatic process of temporal bone showed no significant difference between the two groups (men and women). The findings of this study show that certain characteristics of temporal bone alongside other clues can be useful in sex determination. Furthermore, it has emphasized the importance of sexual dimorphism in human anatomy.

Studies on Iranian adults revealed that their skulls are commonly brachycephalic. The question of current study is that genetic factors have more prominent role for this matter or environmental factors?
All infants who were born during 6 months period (from April 21, 2016) in the Rasht 17th Shahrivar or Alzahra hospitals, included in this descriptive cross sectional study. Cephalic index calculation was done after caliper measurement percentage of maximal head width and maximal head length relation.
There were 162 male (56.4%) and 125 female (43.6%) among a total of 287 infants. Mean of maximal head width and length were 8.461±0.5980 and 10.810±0.6998 cm, respectively. Mean cephalic index was 78.368±5.090, in the mesocephalic range. One hundred fifteen infants (40.1%) have brachycephalic, 103 cases (35.9%) mesocephalic, and 69 infant (24%) dolichocephalic skulls. There was no statistically significant difference among these parameters between boys and girls.
It seems that brachycephaly among adults is because of environmental factors, and genetic factors have minimal or no influence in this matter. Further studies with larger sample size are recommended.

Using direct electrical stimulation of is a therapeutic technique that directly affects the spontaneous activity in the cortical regions. The aim of this study is to determine the effects of direct stimulation of the brain lining the skull (TDCS) on improving the mental health of veterans with psychiatric disorders.
This study was quasi-experimental investigation with pre-test and post-test computations. Sixteen veterans with psychiatric problems from Yasouj city were assigned randomly to experimental and control groups. The experimental group received 10 sessions of treatment. The SCL-90 questionnaire was used to collect data. All participants took part in the pre-test and post-test.
The results showed that the treatment with TDCS had significant therapeutic effects on mental health.
The results demonstrated the effectiveness of treatment of TDCS on the mental health of veterans with psychiatric disorders.

Study of normal morphological features of the skull with precise measurement methods is named Cephalometry. The most important dimension of cephalometric is height and width of head. Occipital flattening is common among Guilanian people, so cephalometric measurements and use of cephalic index is necessary for detailed evaluation of morphological specifications of their skulls. To evaluate the probable differences of Guilanian cephalic index with other studies. In this prospective descriptive study 190 patients were selected among all Guilanian people with AP and lateral skull x-rays referring to inpatient or outpatient wards of Poorsina hospital in Rasht, Cephalic index was statistically evaluated after ruler measurement and calculation of percentage of maximal head width and maximal head length relation, in skull x-rays. Among 190 Guilanian people 151 persons were male and 39 persons were female. The mean age of them was 31.8 years. Mean of maximal head width and length were 15.358±1 and 17.752±1.1cm respectively. Mean cephalic index was 86.4±4.4 in the Brach cephalic range. Ninety percent of cases had Brach cephalic and 10% had mesocephalic skull, without any dolichocephalic skull. In this study brachycephaly is common among Guilanian adults, like other studies. There is differences between the results of this study with other world studies (the mesocephalic skulls are the prominent type), but there is no difference with studies on other areas of Iran.