جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « defense mechanisms » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

The aim of the present study was to find a structural model for feeling shame and guilty according to the defense mechanisms with the mediation of self-compassion in physically disabled patients. The present study was applicative and the research method was correlation through structural equation modeling method. The statistical population included physically disabled patients hospitalized in specialized centers in zones 17 and 18 in the city of Tehran in the spring of 2020. The patients’ disability resulted from dystrophy, cerebral paralysis, Multiple Sclerosis and spinal cord injury. The sample size in the present study was 250 patients who were selected via convenient sampling method. The research instruments included Defense Mechanisms Questionnaire (Andrews, Singh, Bond, 1993), Self-Compassion Questionnaire (Neff, 2003) and Test of Self-Conscious Affect (TOSCA) (Tangeni, 1992). The data analysis was conducted via structural equation modeling through SPSS and Amos software version 23. The results showed that mature defense mechanism, immature defense mechanism, neurotic defense mechanism and self-compassion have had significant direct effect on feeling shame and guilty in physically-disabled patients (p<0.001). Moreover, the results showed that self-compassion has significant mediation role in the relationship of mature defense mechanism, immature defense mechanism and neurotic defense mechanism with feeling shame and guilty besides its direct effect on this feeling in physically disabled patients. Taking the significant mediation role of self-compassion, the clinical therapists are suggested to apply efficient psychological therapy methods such as compassion-based treatment to decrease their feeling shame and guilty through influencing physically-disabled patients’ defense mechanisms.

 Breast cancer is the third most common cancer in the world, the most common cancer among women, and the second cause of cancer-related death among them.The present study aimed to predict the meaning of life based on the sense of coherence and defense mechanisms with the mediation of perceived stress in women with breast cancer in Qazvin.

The present research was conducted based on a descriptive-analytical design. The statistical population included all women with breast cancer in Qazvin in 2023 (n=200). From this population, 126 cases were selected using Morgan's table and available sampling. Data were analyzed in SPSS (version 26) and SmartPLS (version 3.0.1) software packages using structural equation modeling.

An inverse and significant relationship was detected between sense of coherence and  perceived stress (P=0.006; r= -0.478), defense mechanisms and perceived stress (P=0.015; r= -0.458), and perceived stress and the meaning of life (P=0.044; r= -0.414. Moreover,  defense mechanisms had a direct and significant correlation with the meaning of life (P=0.005; r=  0.608). Perceived stress had a significant mediating role with (P=0.032; r=0.198) on the relationship between the sense of coherence and the meaning of life. Furthermore, perceived stress palyed a mediating role in the relationship between defense mechanisms and the meaning of life (P=0.040; r= 0.190).

As evidenced by the results of this research, an increase in perceived stress causes a decrease in the sense of coherence, an increase in incompatible defense mechanisms, and a decrease in the meaning of life. According to the proposed model, it is possible to improve the meaning of life in patients by controlling their level of perceived stress by increasing the sense of coherence and defense mechanisms. It is suggested to provide psychological services to control perceived stress and inconsistent defense mechanisms.

The covid-19 outbreak has caused a high prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder and psychological distress. However, studies suggest that these conditions may also lead to post-traumatic growth. Therefore, this study aimed at determining the role of defense mechanisms and attachment styles in predicting post-traumatic growth in people involved in coronavirus-induced mourning.

In this descriptive study, the statistical population included survivors (27 to 55 years old) (from February 2019 to September 2021) in the city of Tehran. Of this population, 130 people were selected as the research sample by the convenience sampling method. Questionnaires on defense styles, attachment styles, and post-traumatic growth were used to collect data. Data was analyzed using multiple linear regression.

The results of multiple regression analysis indicated that the developed defense mechanisms (Beta=0.489) and safe attachment style (Beta=0.256) predict post-traumatic growth in people involved in coronavirus-induced mourning in a meaningful way (p<0.001). However, the style of insecure attachments and the undeveloped and psychologically annoying defense mechanism lacked the adequate strength to predict post-traumatic growth (p<0.05).

Safe attachment style and developed defense mechanism can lead to growth after injury. Psychiatrists and psychologists who engage in mourning therapy are recommended to pay more attention to the defense mechanisms and attachment styles of those involved in mourning.

Some personality traits and characteristics are "subclinical threshold" that their intensity in an individual is not as much as clinical personality disorders but they can cause various abnormalities.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship and role of immature defense mechanisms in predicting the dark triad personality traits.

This descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study was conducted on the population of individuals referring to vaccination centers in Sanandaj city in 2020-2021. Out of these individuals, 282 were selected as the sample population. The research instruments were the Andrews' Defense Styles Questionnaire (1993) and Paulhus's Short Dark Tetrad (2021). Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation, structural equation modeling, and stepwise regression analysis with SPSS version 23 and Amos version 26 software.

The results showed a significant relationship between immature defense mechanisms and the dark triad personality traits (P≤0.05). Moreover, the structural model results showed that immature defense mechanisms explained 81% of the dark traits. According to the regression results, splitting (β=0.271, P≤0.01), denial (β=0.168, P≤0.01), and omnipotence (β=0.142, P≤0.05) were better predictors of dark triad personality traits than other defense mechanisms.

The use of immature defense mechanisms can predict dark personality traits. By recognizing the impact of defense mechanisms on personality traits and emphasizing psychological training and helping them become self-aware, it can be expected that dark personality traits will also decrease.

Divorced people face multiple individual and interpersonal conflicts like chaotic identity. Defense mechanisms are the processes that make it possible to understand the relationship between a healthy and an unhealthy personality, known as a facilitating factor for a person's well–being and adaptability. Since divorce is on the rise in Iran and women suffer a lot of social and psychological harm in this process, the existence of positive psychological characteristics, such as forgiveness, can prevent such damage in divorced women to some extent. As a third–wave cognitive therapy, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) combines the principles of behavior, mindfulness, and acceptance. The increasing trend of divorce and the resulting personal and social damage to divorced women indicates that psychological treatments are necessary for these people. Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of ACT on defense mechanisms and forgiveness in divorced women.

This research method was quasi–experimental with a pretest–posttest design with a control group. The study's statistical population comprised divorced women referring to several counseling centers in Tehran (districts 10 and 12) in 2020. The study sample included those women who had been divorced for more than 1 year. The sampling method was random sampling. The sample size in this study was initially 65 applicants referred to counseling centers. Defense Styles Questionnaire (DSQ) (Andrews et al., 1993) and Family Forgiveness Scale (FFQ) (Pollard et al., 1998) were distributed among them. Then, considering their interest in participating in the present study, the samples were reduced to 30 people. Next, they were randomly divided into experimental and control groups (15 people each). Not all of the interviewees in this study were remarried at the time of the interview, and this study was limited to divorced women living without a husband. The inclusion criteria included being a divorced woman, trusting and committed to keeping information confidential, and being willing to cooperate. The study data were gathered in the pretest and posttest for participants of two groups via DSQ and FFQ. The experimental group received ACT in eight 90–minute sessions. However, no treatment was given to the control group. The data were analyzed by analysis of covariance in SPSS software version 24. The significance level of the tests was considered to be 0.05.

The results showed significant differences between the experimental and control groups in the posttest, after removing the effect of the pretest, in the subscales of defense mechanisms, including transformed (p<0.001), untransformed (p<0.001), and psychotic (p<0.001), and in the subscales of forgiveness, including realistic understanding (p<0.001), action compensation (p<0.001), appeasement (p<0.001), and feeling of recovery (p=0.003).

According to the results, ACT effectively improves defense mechanisms and forgiveness in divorced women.

Abstract</span></span></span></span></span></span>
Background &

</span> "Suicide" is a major public health problem and one of the main causes of death worldwide. Suicide is generally defined as an act of self-destruction with some degree of intent to end life. "Suicidal behavior" refers to death by suicide. Still, it also includes different types of suicidal actions, which range from lethal actions to die to less lethal actions that may occur in the context of a psychosocial crisis. It is varied and sometimes includes a part of the request for help. "Suicidal thoughts" is a broad term used to define thoughts and wishes of death and preoccupation with death. Suicidal thoughts are important because most suicidal actions happen after them. Suicidal thoughts are evaluated as the best predictor of suicidal actions. Identifying risk factors and cognitive processes that lead to suicidal thoughts can be effective in screening, prevention, evaluation, and treatment of suicide. Accurately identifying people who are at risk of committing suicide in the future is a big challenge in psychiatry and especially in patients with depression. Factors related to increasing the risk of suicidal thoughts and behaviors are numerous and diverse and include psychological and family characteristics and socio-economic and demographic dynamics. Tendency to suicidal thoughts and behaviors is the most disturbing symptom of depression, which is potentially the most deadly. Mental pain and defense mechanisms are strong predictors of suicide attempts in depressed people. The present study aimed to explain the structural model of the relationship between defense mechanisms and mental pain with suicidal thoughts with the mediation of depression in Iranian Seafaring men.</span></span></span>

</span> The research method was a descriptive-analytical type. The statistical population of this research included all seafaring men working in a tanker company in 2021 among them, 378 people entered the research voluntarily. The criteria for entering the present study include employment in the tanker company, work experience for at least 1 year, age 25 to 60 years, male gender, absence of physical disabilities and suffering from chronic diseases, not taking medication, and the lack of hospitalization during the last year due to the physical and mental condition, the lack of receiving psychotherapy simultaneously and during the last year. The criterion for leaving the research was the distorted and incomplete questionnaire. To collect data Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation (1979), Beck Depression Questionnaire (1961), Defense Style Questionnaire-40 by Andrews et al. (1993) and Mental Pain Scale by Orbach et al. (2003) were used. Structural equation model and SPSS-24 and AMOS-24 software and a significance level of 0.05 were used for data analysis.</span></span></span>

</span> In the present study, the results showed that the hypothesized model had fitness with the collected data (χ2</sup>/df=2.16, CFI=.988, GFI=.990, AGFI=.893, and RMSEA=.092). The results of this study showed that the direct path coefficient between immature mechanisms (p=0.016, β=0.160) and neurotic mechanisms (p=0.010, β=0.156) and mental pain (p=0.010, β=0.627) with depression was positive and significant. The results also showed the indirect path coefficient between immature mechanisms (p=0.011, β=0.218), neurotic mechanisms (p=0.017, β=0.054), and mental pain (p=0.021, β=0.055) with suicidal thoughts with the mediation of depression were positive and significant.</span></span></span>

</span> The results of the present study showed that there is a relationship between immature and neurotic defense mechanisms and mental pain with suicidal thoughts mediated by depression in in sailor men. In the explanation of the present findings, it can be said that defenses are unconscious psychological mechanisms that are directed towards both pressures caused by internal impulses and external pressures, especially pressures that threaten a person's self-esteem and self-concept, and maybe their integration is guided by the conscious awareness of the individual's personality structure. Defense mechanisms arise in a specific developmental sequence and are a function of healthy personality development. More mature defense mechanisms require a greater ability to adapt to reality so that they can effectively eliminate threatening emotions without distorting reality. Improper and excessive use of them can prevent healthy coping responses. Psychological factors such as the belief that a person cannot effectively solve their problems lead to increased helplessness and despair, the use of immature defenses, and depression. Although some self-injurious behaviors may not be done with the motive of dying, the common motive in these behaviors is to escape from unbearable conditions and mental suffering.</span></span></span></span>

The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between reality testing and thematic relationships with the mediation of defense mechanisms in bereavement disorder.

The descriptive research method was correlation type. The statistical population includes all the people who referred to the psychological clinics of the 1st district of Tehran with the diagnostic criteria of grief disorder in 1401. The sample size according to the number of observed variables and assigning a coefficient of 15 for each observed variable, 240 people were selected using the available method. The data collection tool was Bell's (1988) Thematic Relations and Reality Test Questionnaire and Anders' (1993) Defense Mechanisms Questionnaire. In this research, Pearson's correlation test and SPSS22 and Amose 23 software were used to analyze the data obtained.

The results of the research showed that the indirect relationship between thematic relationships and reality testing through defense mechanisms (β=0.28) is significant (p≥0.01).

People with grief disorder, their anxiety level is lower and the level of irritability and impulsivity of these people is higher. Due to their mental conditions, these people create an image of reality instead of reality in order to achieve a relative level of health and mastery over the surrounding world. In addition, they have less ownership over their intrapsychic experiences.

Breast cancer, as the most common cancer, is the cause of death of millions of people around the world. Given that psychological status can be effective in responding to treatment by affecting the immune system, the aim of this study was to present a model for predicting the status of the immune system through personality type D mediated by defense mechanisms in patients with breast cancer.

The statistical population of the present study included all women with breast cancer in Tehran and Gilan in 1398, from which 250 were selected by purposive sampling. Data were collected using a Type D personality, Questionnaire Defense Style Questionnaire and Warning Signs of Immunodeficiency. Pearson correlation coefficient and structural equation modeling were used to analyze the data using AMOS and SPSS software version 22.

The results showed that there was a significant and direct correlation between the status of the immune system and the neurotic defense mechanism, undeveloped defense mechanism and personality type D and a significant and inverse correlation between the status of the immune system and the developed defense mechanism. Also, defense mechanisms played a mediating role in the relationship between personality type D and immune system status in breast cancer patients.

Accordingly, in patients with breast cancer, the status of the immune system can be predicted through defense mechanisms and personality type D. Therefore, therapists and health professionals can help these people overcome their disease by designing interventions based on modifying defense mechanisms and personality type D. Thus, the more an individual uses the immature defense mechanism, the weaker the immune system is, and the use of the developed defense mechanism is associated with a stronger immune system. Based on the findings, it can be said that designing psychological interventions based on modifying defense mechanisms and changing personality type D, can help a patient with breast cancer to manage and treat the disease.

Breast cancer, as the most common cancer, is the cause of death of millions of people around the world. The aim of this study was to present a model for predicting the status of the immune system through coping strategies with stress and personality type D mediated by defense mechanisms in patients with breast cancer.

The statistical population of the present study included all women with breast cancer in Tehran and Gilan in 2019, from which 250 were selected by purposive sampling. Data were collected using a checklist of warning signs of immunodeficiency, a questionnaire of defense mechanisms, a questionnaire of personality type D and a questionnaire of coping strategies. The data were analyzed using structural equation method and smart-PLS- v3 software was analyzed.

The results showed that coping strategies did not have a significant direct effect on immune status scores. The direct effect of personality type D on immune status scores was significant. Defense mechanisms did not mediate the relationship between coping styles with stress and personality type D with immune status scores.

In general, it can be concluded that in patients with breast cancer, personality type D has a significant effect on the state of the immune system, and therefore therapists and health professionals can design interventions based on the correction of personality type D, Help these people overcome their illness.

Sexual harassment, or in other words, the use of children and adolescents for sexual gratification, is one of the forms of harassment of children and adolescents that occurs at all ages from childhood to adolescence, and the adverse consequences and sometimes irreparable harm to health and well-being. Adults are large in size (2). In this regard, research has shown that child abuse, in addition to the destructive short-term consequences it has on the child, causes the child to feel insecure, anxious, distracted, afraid, depressed, inattentive, and post-traumatic stress disorder behaviors; It will also have long-term consequences (4).Given the above and the negative impact of sexual harassment in childhood on individual and social life and causing great material and spiritual damage to the individual and society, researchers and experts are constantly seeking to discover new ways to reduce these effects. And help the mental and physical condition of the victims, and in this regard, various medical and non-arbitrary methods have been used. However, among the methods that have been considered recently, emotion-oriented therapy can be modernist and experimental therapy (5), which points to the important role of emotions and emotional communication in organizing communication patterns and considers emotions as a factor of change. Takes (6).On the other hand, existential psychotherapy, by emphasizing important concepts such as responsibility, presence in existence, freedom, choice, search for meaning and especially constant self-awareness, has provided a unique way to treat existential anxiety (11). Existential therapy provides the therapist and client with the opportunity to understand how the client chooses how to express their "individuality." In the existential treatment of worldviews, values, beliefs, as well as the type of worldview of people and the events we face; It becomes clear (12).In general, the review of existing research shows that so far no comprehensive and similar research has been conducted that simultaneously examines the impact of both emotion-oriented and existential therapies on the psychological issues of victims of sexual harassment. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the effect of emotion-oriented and existential group therapy on the defense mechanisms of victims of child sexual abuse in Isfahan.

For the present quasi-experimental research, which was performed with a pre-test-post-test-follow-up plan and a control group, among those with a history of being victims of any sexual abuse in a child who had referred to psychology centers in Isfahan in 1398 and 1399, Eligibility criteria for the study were 45 people were selected as available and randomly divided into three groups of emotion-oriented therapy, existential and control. After completing the consent form, the subjects in the experimental groups received 8 sessions of interventions. It should be noted that before, after and 3-month follow-up period, research variables were measured. The research tool also included the following:Laserman Sexual Harassment Questionnaire (LSHQ) which includes 7 questions with yes and no answers. Scoring in this test indicates that the person is a victim of at least one type of sexual harassment. And the Defense Styles Questionnaire (DSQ-40), a new version of which was developed by Andrews et al.In the present study, the reliability of the internal consistency method using Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the three defense styles developed, immature and psychotic is equal to 0.68, 0.75 and 0.71, respectively, which are acceptable coefficients.

The results showed that there was a significant difference in the scores of developed and psychoactive defense mechanisms in the three stages of pre-test, post-test and follow-up measurement and the interactive effect of their measurement stages with the group (P <0.01). The results also showed that in the developed defense mechanism, a significant difference is observed in the measurement stages, while such a difference is not seen due to the interaction of time with the group (Table 3).As the results of Table 4 show, with the significance of time within the groups with F calculated for immature (28.86), mature (3.11) and psychotic (13.61); Confirms the existence of a significant difference between the three measurements of pre-test, post-test and follow-up at the level of P <0.01.The results also showed that the interactive effects of the two immature and psychotic styles with F calculated at 11.86 and 10.14 were significant, but with no significant source in the group between the control and experimental groups in all three styles; It can be said that there is no significant difference between the mean scores of the experimental groups, emotion therapy, existential therapy and the control group (P <0.05). No (Table 4).

The results showed that there was no significant difference between the mean scores of the experimental therapy, existential therapy and control groups. Regarding the findings of the present study, it should be noted that sexual harassment is a complex problem that has various physical, psychological and legal aspects. The use of coping strategies and defense mechanisms reduces vulnerability in stressful situations such as sexual harassment (18). But it should be noted that emotionally empowered people make it easier for them to face life's challenges and, as a result, have better mental health. These people are more successful in coping with negative experiences and show better adaptation to the environment and others (19).In emotion-oriented therapy, the therapist focuses on raising awareness of the mental content that has been denied or distorted by the therapist in order to create new meaning influenced by the client's physical experience (5). Approaching bitter mental and emotional experiences for victims of child sexual abuse is often a difficult and tedious process. In addition to building an effective relationship, the therapist's mission is to teach emotion regulation skills. Therefore, the therapist has based his treatment on the self-improvement and balance of the person and tries to self-regulate the person and his emotional system through positive self-concept, and in treatment sessions, he widely uses treatment methods to express new feelings. Slowly (12).An existential therapist helps individuals and victims of child sexual abuse find meaning in life in the face of anxiety and stress, and this is achieved through the use of thinking power, responsible action, and coping with negative thoughts and social pressures. According to what has been stated in the above explanation, it can be stated that since the existential components directly involve the victim with the existence and existential processes, the person looks at the process of change in a deep and conscious way. This process always requires the victim to allow a part of him or her that has been hidden or repressed to come to the realm of awareness and analysis so that the person has the opportunity to make a more informed choice and gain a deeper perspective on issues.

  Breast cancer, as the most common cancer, is the cause of death in many women around the world. This study aims to predict the immune system performance based on stress coping methods and defense mechanisms in women with breast cancer.

The study population includs all women with breast cancer in Tehran and Guilan provinces of Iran in 2019, from whom 250 were selected by a purposive sampling method. Data were collected using the warning signs of immunodeficiency list, the Defense Style Questionnaire, and the Multidimensional Coping Inventory. The collected data were analyzed using Pearson correlation test and multiple regression analysis in SPSS software, version 22.

The results of regression analysis showed that the emotion-focused coping as well as mature, neurotic, and immature defense mechanisms could significantly predict the immune system performance (P<0.05). Together, these variables were able to explain 28% of the variance in the immune performance.

In women with breast cancer, the immune system function can be predicted by their used defense mechanisms and stress coping strategies.

The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of short-term intensive dynamic psychotherapy and mentalization-based therapy on emotional dysregulation, defense mechanisms and insecure attachment styles in women who have experienced the trauma of marital infidelity.

the method of the present study was quasi- experimental with pre- test, post- test, No follow-up period.  From 25 to 45 years old women with have experienced the trauma of marital infidelity in Karaj in 2021, 45 people were selected by available sampling and randomly assigned to three group received (15 people in each group). The research tool included a scale of Adult Attachment Styles, the Emotion Regulation Difficulty Scale, and the Defensive Style Questionnaire. On group received short-term intensive psychodynamic therapy (15 sessions of one and a half hours). And one group received mentalization-based therapy (20 sessions of one and a half hours). The control group was placed on a waiting list and did not receive any intervention during the study.

the results showed that both interventions had a significant effect on emotional dysregulation, defense mechanisms and insecure attachment styles compared to the control group. The results also showed that mentalization-based therapy is more significant in reducing underdeveloped defense styles than short-term intensive psychotherapy.

the results showed that in addition to the effectiveness of both treatments in the mentioned components, but mentalization-based therapy, in competition with short-term intensive psychodynamic therapy is more significant in reducing underdeveloped defense styles.

The aim of this study was to determine the indirect effect of early maladaptive schemas and attachment styles on obsessive-compulsive disorder mediated by defense mechanisms. The research method was correlational based on structural equation modeling. The statistical population of the study included people with obsessive-compulsive disorder referred to psychological counseling centers in Tehran in the period from the beginning to the end of 1398. 390 of these people were selected by available sampling method. Data collection tools were Madzley obsessive-compulsive disorder questionnaire (Hodgson and Rachman, 1977), early maladaptive schemas questionnaire (Young, 1998), attachment style questionnaire (Hazan and Shaver, 1987) and defense mechanisms questionnaire (Andrews et al. , 1993) was. Data analysis using Pearson correlation method and structural equation modeling showed that there is a relationship between early maladaptive schemas, attachment styles and defense mechanisms with obsessive-compulsive disorder (P <0.01). There is a relationship between attachment styles and early maladaptive schemas with defense mechanisms (P <0.01). Also, the obsessive-compulsive disorder model has a good fit based on early maladaptive schemas, attachment styles, and defense mechanisms.

Adolescence is a crucial period for many mental disorders, particularly emotional disorders. This study aimed to explore the structural relationships between attachment styles and adolescents' emotional disorders considering the mediating role of defense mechanisms and identity styles.

The present study was conducted based on a correlational design and was carried out using structural equation modeling. The statistical population included all high school students in Sari (Mazandaran Province, Iran) studying in the 2019-20 academic year. The study sample included 163 students chosen through a multistage cluster sampling method. The data were collected using the Defense Style Questionnaire (Andrews et al.1993), the Extended Objective Measure of Ego Identity Status-2 (Bennion and Adams, 1986), the Beck Anxiety Inventory (Beck et al., 1990), the Beck Depression Inventory (Beck et al., 1961), and Adult Attachment Inventory (Besharat, 2009). The collected data were analyzed using SPSS/AMOS software (version 25) applying the Structural equation modeling method.

The findings showed that attachment styles (β=-0.23) and defense mechanisms (β=0.75) directly affected emotional disorders. Furthermore, attachment styles indirectly affected emotional disorders via mediating role of defense mechanisms (β=-0.39). Examination of the indicators of model quality also showed that most of the model fit indicators were in the desired range (RMSEA=0.7; GFI=0.95).

In general, mature defense mechanisms, as a protective factor, can mediate the relationship between insecure attachment styles and emotional disorders in adolescents, whereas identity styles cannot. In general, the relationship and effect of attachment styles and defense mechanisms on emotional disorders indicate that developed defense mechanisms can be considered an anti-shock between traumatic attachment styles and emotional disorders in adolescents