فصلنامه اقتصاد کشاورزی و توسعه
پیاپی 91 (پاییز 1394)

In this study, impact of export and investment of Iranian economic different sectors (agriculture, industry, service and oil petroleum) on value added of the sectors was investigated. For this purpose, ARDL method is used for analyzing policy in the industry, service and oil petroleum sectors. Also, VECM is used for analyzing policy in agriculture sector. The result indicated that agriculture, oil and service export had a significant impact on their value in long run period and oil and agriculture export have not significance impact on their value added in short run period. The result showed that deviations of the value added in the oil and industry sectors after a one period are adjusted faster than other sectors. Enforcing a shock on agriculture value added has a significant effect on agriculture investment. Also, the effect of enforcing a shock on agriculture export will be seen in the early period. The enforcing a shock on agriculture export has a significant effect on agriculture investment too.

Given that pistachios is one of the most important agricultural products which Iran has a comparative advantage in the production of it, and is a constituent of the main items of Iran's non-oil export basket, Optimizing its internal and external trade could have a major role in promoting the welfare of producers and consumers of agricultural products in Iran. The purpose of this study was to provide an optimal pattern for the domestic and foreign trade of pistachios so that the maximum possible net social welfare will be produced through its implementation. In order to achieve this goal, a spatial equilibrium model has been used that will determine the price of pistachios as an endogenous variable. Optimization results show that the application of the proposed pattern of spatial equilibrium model increases the welfare of producers, consumers and the total welfare of the pistachio market. Furthermore, although a part of pistachio exported in the current model should been entered the domestic trade cycle rather than exports on the base of the optimal model; implementation of the proposed model cause to increase the return per unit of export products over the current situation.

In recent years the importance and role of quick returns firms are growing in industrialized and developing countries. The importance of this industry in Iran, particularly in recent economic, social and cultural plans has emphasized. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the success of enterprises quick impact agriculture and identify factors affecting their success in the rural of Zabol in Sistan and Baluchestan. Production and employment indexes separately for firms in various agricultural sub sectors were considered for measuring the success of quick impact firms. Combined multiple regression model was used for the analysis of factors affecting the success of these firms. Results of the research showed that the sub sector enterprises of mechanization are more successful than other firms, and also animal and crop enterprises are in the next categories. Also, results indicated that in the sub sector of the agriculture, manager’s age, education manager, the number of members of the household manager, the experience of manager, and received loan have a significant impact on success of these firms. In addition, in the sub sector mechanization, education of director, the distance of the firm to the city, the amount of received loan, the number of firm work force, cultivation and external factors of enterprise had a significant impact. In the animal sub sector, the number of members of the household, the manager experience, the distance of the firm to the city, the number of firm workforce, cultivation and internal factors of enterprise had a significant impact on success of the firms.

Marketing margin and production and price fluctuations are the main subjects in potato market that producers, consumers and policy makers are faced with. production and price fluctuations and its increasing trend and also decreasing the price in some months specially in harvest season, increasing the price of wholesale and retail sale in different months led to dissatisfaction of producers and consumers. This paper analyzes the different benefit level of potato market during 2007- 2009 monthly. According to the results, during the 3 years, potato producers have received 1900 rials per kilogram on average, but consumers have paid 4600 rials. Over 3 years, average of retail sale margin, wholesale margin and total margin were 2100, 600 and 2700 rials respectively while average of producer share from final price and the share of marketing margin were 40% and 60% respectively. Marketing margin had been increasing in Iran while marketing services didnt improved as required. Incoherent management of market, price fluctuations, the problem of producers cash, and finally multiplicity of middleman are the main factors affecting on increasing the potato marketing margin.

According to the government's approach to change energy price in 2010, this study conducted to compare economic and energy efficiency of potato grower in Quchan. A random sampling was used to collect data through 50 farmers by using a face-to-face questionnaire and analysis by IDEA model. Result indicated that farmers had different ranking in economic and energy efficiency index, so that, only 22% of farmers in upper bounds of inputs were 100% efficient. Also, none of firms were not 100% efficient. In addition, share of more inputs in total costs of production is lower than shares in total energy consumption. So that, share of water, fertilizer, machines, seed and labor in energy consumption were 56,19,12,11 and 1 percent respectively while, share of them in total cost were 18,6,7,32 and 35 percent respectively. So optimal pricing can lead farmers to use inputs more efficient.

Increasing trend of food waste is one of the serious problem in many countries. The purpose of this study is identifying the factors creating citrus waste in Fars province using exploratory factor analysis and structural equation. Data were collected using stochastic sampling and completing 221 questionnaires between farmers in Fars province in 2013. According to the results of exploratory factor analysis, effective factors on citrus waste in Fars province are abbreviated to 7 factors: "unsuitable infrastructures", "pests and atmosphere", "unsuitable management of inputs consumption such as water and pesticide", "unsuitable management after harvest", "unsuitable storage and transport of production", "harvest management and supply" and "unsuitable management of inputs consumption such as fertilizer and trees species". According to the results of confirmatory factor analysis, total of coefficients are significant. Results of the final model revealed that pests and atmosphere, unsuitable infrastructures, unsuitable storage and transport of production, and unsuitable management after harvest are the effective variables on citrus waste in Fars province.

Agricultural activity is risk-taking nature that have caused the crop insurance is considered as a risk management solution. Because farmers satisfaction of insurance fund is low so moving toward new ways of insurance can be an important step to get out of insurance recession. In this context, using the framework of qualitative research in crop year 2010-2011 referred to 25 wheat farmers repeatedly (each wheat farmers, 10 times) in the Mashhad city and questionnaires was completed. Thus, the assessment of insurance plans by farmers and their proposals for any of the methods have discussed. In this research, while introduce successful and new methods of insurance in world, farmers behavior in two scenarios of accordance and non-accordance indemnity with the premium, in any approach, was assessed. The result of the study show that farmers have positive opinion for some of insurance new methods, that match this approaches and methods with farmers requests is a one of ways that can be effective for agricultural insurance development.

Costs of livestock production are expected to significantly increase as result of increasing energy price in Iran. This in turn causes meat prices and production to change and ultimately affect producers and consumer welfares. This study determines the economic impact of this policy on Iranian meat market applying a multimarket equilibrium displacement model (EDM) and taking into account scenarios of 38%, 50% and 300% increase in energy prices with and without change in demand for both situations of once and gradually increasing energy price. Result shows that increasing of retail sale demand for different kind of meat in any scenario are sufficient to offset lost producer welfare. According to the result of compared once and gradually implication increasing energy price, decreasing of producer and consumers’ welfare on once increasing energy prices is lower than gradually increasing energy prices.

Development of the financial sector of the country plays a key role in achieving the goal of rapid and continuous economic growth. The country with developed financial system can experience higher growth rates and faster economic growth. The main aim of this study is to examine the role of financial development and investment in the agricultural sector of Iran using a system of simultaneous equations (3SLS). The results suggest a positive effect of financial development on investment, saving, credit and production in the agricultural sector. So it can be said the financial markets are considered as a channel that can to conduct household savings into investment activity in agriculture sector. Therefore, it is suggested that the policy of adjustment and development financial sector should be considered as priority targets. It causes the share of investment in the agricultural sector is increased.

In this study, economic evaluation and relative advantage of pure and mixed cultivation of millet and bean in Shirvan were surveyed. For this purpose benefit to cost, internal rate of return, net present value and policy analysis matrix indexes were calculated. The results show that mixed cultivation is better than sole cultivation economically. Also, Sole cultivation of these crops havent relative advantage, while mixed cultivation has relative advantage. Nominal protection coefficient index of sole cultivation of bean and mixed cultivation showed that indirect tax has been imposed on producers. The nominal protection coefficient of the input in all types of cultivation revealed that there is an indirect subsidy for tradable inputs. Effective protect coefficient index of sole cultivation of bean and mixed cultivation was less than the unit, therefore it isnt supported the input and product markets in these cultivations. Finally, the social net profit index of bean and millet sole cultivation was negative; but it was positive for mixed cultivation of them indicating that mixed cultivation has a social net profitability. Overall results show that sole cultivation of millet and bean hasnt relative advantage in current situation of Shirvan, but mixed cultivation can increase the economic benefits and relative advantage.