فصلنامه پژوهش های اجتماعی اسلامی
سال بیست و چهارم شماره 2 (تابستان 1397)

The recommendation and attention of Islam for observing the ethic of friendship and brotherhood has a great role in the growth of people and society. The ethic is one of the effective and important agents of human personality. Islam intends to establish the intimate and glorious and brotherhood spirit in the society. Strengthening the brotherhood spirit creates a wonderful effect on the people's lifestyle of the community. This question is propounded what the criteria and important of choosing brotherhood and friendship from the view of Imam Reza (p.b.u.h), what the ways to stabilize and strengthen friendship and etiquette from the perspective of Imam Reza (p.b.u.h) and whether the issue of friendship and brotherhood can be used to create civilization and unification. The goal of this paper is to acquaint us with the ethical teachings of Imam Reza (p.b.u.h) relating to the ethic of friendship and brotherhood and with following it as a paradigm, it utilizes in the Islamic-Iranian lifestyle and it is used to systematize the Islamic civilization to solve the ethical problems of the community and following the behavior and manner of Imam Reza (p.b.u.h) leads the welfare and fortunes of the society. This research with a new notion to the methods and the functions of the ethic, manner and Islamic - social behaviors and with studying and examining the historical texts and sources and the teachings of Imam Reza (p.b.u.h) tries to determine the functions of Islamic traditions (hadiths) for the ethic of friendship and brotherhood and it provides a background to establish paradigm for the Islamic societies.

Perfect independence of any nation depends on Political, economic and cultural independence. The cultural independence because of being a ground for other issues has a great important and it is a way to achieve the cultural independence to form and improve the lifestyle. Ayatollah Sayyed Ali Hosseini Khamenei is of persons who believe that the role of the holy Quran in all life affairs is necessary and constantly, he has mentioned attention to the holy Quran and the utilization of the holy Quran for Solving Society's Problems. One of these aspects is the lifestyle. From his view, it is necessary for attaining to the cultural independence to improve the lifestyle. For this reason, he emphasizes to employ the Quran teachings to improve it. With using grounded theory (GT) and the content analysis, this paper tries to study the role of the Quran teachings to direct the lifestyle. For this reason, issues such as work, work ethic in the work culture, politeness (well manner) in the social culture, strong desire for adornment in the economic culture and divorce in the culture of relatives have been propounded. Finally, the holy Quran teachings with forming and improving the lifestyle help to the cultural independence.

Peacefulness is a human need in his life time. An attempt to economic affairs, building marriage, cultural and social activities is performed to attain the inner and outward peace. Some people see this peace in the outward comfort and achieving some material matters and some other see it in the monotheistic world view (Weltanschauung) and Islamic lifestyle. With paying attention to Islamic teachings, this note is going to determine the spiritual ways to attain peace. The healthy and dynamic society needs peace in different aspects. According to the research findings , the most important effective spiritual factors are: having the intention, faith in God, piety (taqwaa), reliance on God, repentance, compensation for faults, patience, submitting to God's Will, attention to 'ma'ad' (the hereafter), not earthly partiality , kindness and helping people. These affairs besides the natural and material ways make persons achieve peacefulness.

The aim of this paper as it has been mentioned by its title is to study and represent the cultural roots of reactionary after the victory of the Islamic society from the point of the noble Quran. Irtejaa (reactionary) means return to the old thought and beliefs. This attribute happens after any revolution among persons and community groups who are in agreement with the previous defective system and in opposition to development and progress. Reactionary is one of the most important and dangerous components that it threatens the Islamic society and it is the limitations of time and space. Therefore, if the revolutionaries neglect the causes and factors which creates reactionary it will provide the collapse of the new society system. The holy Quran as the most prefect functional text for the human material and spiritual life has a particular notice to this issue which this note has examined. Although the word " ارتجاع"has not used in the holy Quran but the Quranic concepts have mentioned it. From the view of the noble Quran, every orientation against tawhid (monotheism) and return to tyrants is a kind of the reactionary and return and it is prohibited. There are different causes and factors which lead to the reactionary such as the nobility strong desire for welfare, superficiality and lack of spiritual insight. With library and descriptive-analytic method and with adducing to the noble Quran, this paper has investigated the obstacles which cause the thought apostasy and the revolutionaries' reactionary.

One of the basic components in the spectrum and the subject of training children is parenting's styles. The main question is what the special characteristics of the parenting's style based on Islamic propositions are while they are not considered or less considered by other parenting's styles specially Baumrind's parenting styles. The present research is of qualitative researches and with content – analytic and has determined some power and weak points of Baumrind's parenting styles with coming to know Islamic propositions meanwhile defining Baumrind's parenting styles. By studying and cogitation on the Islamic proposition, it can be inferred that Baumrind's parenting styles has some weak points in spite of having privileges and relative comprehensiveness (particularly the authoritative parenting style). Some points (which can be important for certainty, comprehensiveness and increasing the universal realm of the theory of the parenting's styles and these points in different aspects in the Islamic propositions in relation to the parenting's styles and they are not considered or less observed in Baumrind's Parenting Styles) are: the negligence of the capacity and differences between children, inattentiveness of the principle of integration, imbalance of demand and control, lack of attention to the spiritual and worshiping aspects in the goals of the Parenting Styles and inattention to metaphysic and divine norms.

Non-governmental organizations (NGO) are a new phenomenon in the social life of the Western societies that their fast growth from the second half of the 20th century and because of the globalization has been started. These organizations are going to encourage people and volunteers to improve the society condition, meeting needs, manifestation and arising of attitudes and to access sustainable development. In this situation, women are not excluded and they have opportunity to participate in these non-governmental organizations (NGO) as a symbol of participation. Encouraging women and providing the possibility of their presence in non-governmental organizations (NGO)   let them become an effective person and improve their social participation. With attention to the activity in these organizations which is voluntary and mostly without any economic profit, it is necessary to be determined the factors which make women as a great part of the society participate in these organizations. This paper with the descriptive – analytic method and with library tool has studied and determined these factors correspondence with women's potential in five fields: individual, family, economic, social and religious.

With paying attention to Islam opinion about the issue of security, it seems that its main aim is to create security at all human societies. For determining this aim, the author has tried to reveal the hidden secret which is in Islam and faith through some chapters. This is our claim in the research subject. In the first chapter, it has been studied the concept of some titles and key statements in relation to security. In the second chapter, it has been specified to study the amount of the security importance in Islam and in the third chapter; it has been clarified model and theoretic patterns in the school of Islam. The author believes to observe two points. One is the present paper is not going to answer doubts but implicitly and with dalālah at-taḍammun (partial signification), he has achieved to this reality that such religion cannot have nature and function except security which it is an answer to those who intentionally or falsely believe this religion is the religion of violence. The other point is the narrations of hadiths relating to this issue, although it is commonly relating to all fourteen infallibles (Arabic: معصومون Ma'sūmūn). The title of the paper has been chosen the religious leaders (Infallibles) for special attention to the eternal strategies of Imam Reza (peace be upon him) in the last chapter. The method of the research is library-archival and documentary method in descriptive form.