نشریه دانشور پزشکی
پیاپی 132 (آذر 1396)

Fluoxetine (FLX) application as a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) drug that accompanies side effects including reproductive dysfunctions. The current study was designed to explore the effects of FLX on rat spermatogenesis as well as spermatogonial stem cells self-renewal through evaluation of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor family receptor alpha-1 (GFRα1) expression at mRNA level in testicular tissue.
Adult male Wistar rats were randomly allocated into experimental and control groups. The experimental group was subdivided into two groups which received 5 mg/kg/day and 10 mg/kg/day of FLX orally for 48 days. Testicular tissue samples were collected 24 hours after the last treatment and histological assessments and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction were done to analyze spermatogenesis and mRNA expression of GFRα1, respectively.
Treatment with FLX caused spermatozoa maturation arrest in a dose-dependent manner as was evident by significant decreases in spermatogenic indices. Moreover, FLX administration at a dose of 10 mg/kg/day resulted in significant reduction in mRNA expression of GFRα1 in testicular tissue.
These findings suggest that FLX induces male reproductive toxicities via disruption of spermatogonial stem cells self-renewal, bringing about the necessity of more researches about the precise mechanisms of SSRI antidepressants-induced spermatogenic failures.

Cholestasis is bile duct obstruction with accumulation of toxic bile acids in liver and circulatory systems and increased toxicity in hepatocytes. Some studies have shown that cholestasis induces spatial memory deficit. Hippocampus plays an important role in this process. In this research, the effect of cholestasis on expression of BCL-XL (B-cell lymphoma-extra large as genes in apoptosis further) in hippocampus of male rat was assessed. Moreover, the preventive effect of neuroAID (MLC901) on above-mentioned changes regarding gene expression was also evaluated.
This project was done on 16 rats weighing 220-240 g, which were divided into three main groups including control, sham and BDL (Bile Duct Ligation). Thereafter, hippocampus region was extracted and the expression level of genes were assessment by Real-Time PCR. Results were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by a Tukey test. Significant level was 0.05.
The results of sham-NeuroAID & BDL-NeuroAID groups indicate that NeuroAID significantly increases the expression level of Bcl-Xl gene in comparison with control group. In addition, there was no significant change for subsequent effect of cholestasis in the expression level of Bcl-Xl gene in BDL group.
Results of the current study indicates that NeuroAID can alter negative effect of cholestasis by decreasing apoptosis phenomenon.

Microbial contamination of dental units is always a health problem in dentistry. This infection can be transmitted to patients. This study was done to evaluate the rate of bacterial contamination of water in dental unit of Shahed University, in particular by Escherichia coli (E. coli).
A total of 42 water samples from 7 dental units (endodontic, restorative, prosthetics, surgery, periodontics, implants and children) were taken. The sample was obtained from the tip of turbine. Also, seven samples from municipal water were taken as controls. For isolation and counting of total bacteria, blood agar medium and for E.coli isolation, EMB medium were used.
Gram positive bacilli were isolated most prevalently from samples, and Gram positive cocci and Gram-negative bacilli. E. coli contamination was not seen in any samples. The amount of total contamination was higher in the morning than in the afternoon and most contamination was seen in periodontics and surgery units.
In the present study, it was found out that the tip of turbines has a lot of pollution. Several ways are suggested for control of contamination. In this study, it was shown that the work by devices and leaving of water in the morning, before its use for the patient, can greatly reduce the microbial load.

Using medicinal plants is the oldest way to treat the different diseases. Various plants are recommended for the treatment of diabetic patients. Hepatoprotective and antidiabetic effects of the ethanolic extract of Allium Saralicum R.M. Fritsch (ASRMF) on diabetic male mice has been assessed in the present study.
In this experimental study, 35 adult male mice were used. Diabetes was induced by administration of 60 mg/kg of streptozotocin intraperitoneally in 28 mice and they were divided into 5 groups of 7 mice each. The positive control group (non-treated diabetic) received normal saline and treatment groups received glibenclamide at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg and 200 and 400 μg/kg of ethanolic extract of ASRMF through gavage for 15 days. Also, one group considered as negative control (non- diabetic). On the last day, serum levels of glucose and AST (aspartate aminotransferase), ALT (alanine aminotransferase), and ALP (alkaline phosphatase) enzymes were measured. After preparation of tissue sections and staining, total volume of the liver, hepatocytes, sinusoids, portal vein, central vein, hepatic arteries and bile ducts were estimated.
The increased levels of blood glucose and AST and ALP enzymes were significantly decreased (P Ethanolic extract of ASRMF can regulate the levels of blood glucose and AST and ALP enzymes but can not inhibit hepatic damages in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice.

Studies have shown that insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I) is the main factor of growth and hypertrophy of muscle fibers. However, the effect of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on IGF-I has not been well studied. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the changes of IGF-I gene expression in gastrocnemius muscle of male Wistar rats after a period of high-intensity interval training.
In this research study, 16 male Wistar rats (mean weight: 225±25 g) were randomly assigned into two groups: training (n=8) and control (n=8). After a week of familiarizing with training protocol, HIIT program was done 40 minutes each session, three sessions in a week for eight weeks. Then, 48 hours after the last training session, gastrocnemius muscle was extracted and the expression of IGF-I gene was determined by Real time-PCR technique. For statistical data analysis, independent t-test was used.
Statistical analysis showed that the value of gastrocnemius muscle IGF-I in the experimental group compared with the control group increased by more than 6 times (638%) (P=0.016). Gastrocnemius muscle weight was significantly increased in the exercise group compared with the control group (P=0.012).
HIIT exercise led to a marked increase in rats` IGF-I gene expression and gastrocnemius muscle weight.

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (NP Tio2) are one of the most highly used particles in the world. They are used for biomedical and cosmetic goals. Several studies have shown that NP Tio2 induce oxidative stress in the hippocampus. Silymarin is a flavenolignan that is gained from seed of milk thistle (Silybum marianum) and due to its inhibition of free radicals, acts as an antioxidant in central nerves system. Aim of this research was to study the effect of silymarin on memory and learning disorders induced by TiO2 nanoparticles.
In this experimental study, rats were divided into four groups: control, vehicle, toxic group (150 mg/kg of TiO2 NPs for three weeks orally) as well as silymarin (100 mg/kg for three weeks orally after TiO2 NPs administration). The destructive effect of Nano TiO2 and treatment with silymarin were measured by passive avoidance test using shuttle box.
Oral administration of Tio2 NPs resulted in a significant increase of time of spending in dark box and reduction of time to enter the dark box and silymarin significantly decreased time of spending in dark box (P > 0.001) and treatment with silymarin returned the index to the level of control (P > 0.001).
The results from the present study indicated that silymarin probably due to its antioxidant effects causes improvement of memory and learning disorders induced by TiO2 nanoparticles.

Drug discovery based on traditional medicines is called reverse pharmacology. During investigation of traditional medicine, there are two categories of diseases: The first, diseases such as constipation which they could be partially or fully matched in conventional and traditional medicine. The second, diseases such as diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) that, there is no direct mention about them in the context of traditional medicine. The aim of this study was to prioritize the materia medica utilized in Persian medicine for treatment of ghorooh (wounds) and using a reverse pharmacology approach to develop new effective drugs for DFU.
In this library study, on the first level, different types of ghorooh were searched and collected in four references of traditional medicine and then, these data were rated into two groups based on similarity with the main symptoms of DFU: Ghorooh with symptoms closed to DFU and ghorooh with symptoms away from DFU. In later levels, different materia affecting ghorooh were scored based on repetition in sources and scientists emphasis. Lastly, adding the scores of the two levels, acquired data was ranked in term of effect on DFUs.
Myrtle, Frankincense, Plantain, Aloe Vera and Chinese lantern had highest scores. Finally, the myrtle fruits suggested for preparing the best formulation drug for DFU.
For use of traditional knowledge in modern diseases, first, we must establish a logical connection between conventional and traditional medicine. Then, prioritization of effective materia medica and reverse pharmacology could lead to production of new effective drugs for DFU.

Biofilm formation is an important virulence factor in Staphylococcus aureus. Most infections associated with biofilm of this bacterium are difficult to treat with antibiotics. As yet, a lot of mechanisms have been explained for probiotic yeast functions against bacterial infections, but few studies have been done on their effects on biofilm formation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast on Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation.
Extract of supernatant and lysate was prepared from Saccharomyces cerevisiae culture. After determining the MIC, the effect of extracts at three concentrations of 2048, 1024 and 512 µg/ml was evaluated on biofilm formation of two standard strains of S. aureus, ATCC 29213 (methicillin-sensitive) and ATCC 33591 (methicillin-resistant) using the microtiter plate assay in three replications.
Both supernatant and lysate extract of yeast could significantly reduce the biofilm formation of both methicillin-sensitive and resistant strains of S. aureus at all concentrations. While both studied strains were strong biofilm producers, at the concentration of 2048 µg/ml, supernatant could reduce their biofilm formation to moderate level. Also, lysate reduced biofilm formation to weak level more effectively.
In this study, the good effect of S. cerevisiae yeast on the reduction of S. aureus biofilm formation was observed for the first time. Doing more studies, it is expected to treat infections caused by biofilm of this bacterium with probiotic yeasts.

Based on Traditional Persian Medicine (TPM), one of the important principles in the treatment of diseases is modified nutrition or dietary, that is recommended according to differences between the individuals. In modern medical sciences and based on different categories of foods, sometimes dietary restrictions are applied according to individual circumstances. It seems that observance of variety and balance principles according to the food guide pyramid with providing micronutrients and macronutrients in the diet of patients and the integration of them into TPM, is a proper method to treatment and improvement of patients. The aim of study was investigation of TPM and modern medical science`s books and articles and presentation of the proper diet for patients with cold and wet maltemperament.
In this review study, we studied reliable texts of TPM with the centrality of the canon of medicine. Also, we searched texts and papers of classical medicine in the field of nutrition. Then, we presented a specific dietary pattern based on these sources.
On the basis of TPM, temperament of a healthy person is in a specific and balance range and any deviation from this range would lead to diseases. An example is cold and wet maltemperament and the first step in treatment of these patients is the choice of proper diet.
Providing a specific dietary pattern for patients with cold and wet maltemperament, may be useful for their improvement.