فصلنامه رسانه
سال بیست و هشتم شماره 1 (پیاپی 106، بهار 1396)

With the advent and development of new media, numerous religious sciences researchers and experts as well as social sciences and communication thinkers focused on what the relationship between religion and media is and how these two interact and interconnect with each other. For that reason, this paper is looking for a response to the question as to how ethics and religious values can be observed in the media and religion propagated candidly. This study scrutinizes the attitudes of communication professors and religious experts of the Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting (IRIB) on the mechanism of the presence of religion in the IRIB and characteristics of a desirable religious television program with the aim of identifying the points of difference and similarity of the viewpoints of these two groups. Theories on religion and media, previous research works and literature review have served as the basis for making the research statements. This research has been conducted by using Q methodology and presenting a 68- statement questionnaire to 30 respondents including 15 communication professors and senior TV religious experts. The findings of this research indicate a high similarity of views between the two groups on the presence of religious advisors and an organized planning for making religious programs. On the other hand, according to the findings, one of the most important fields of dispute between the respondents is the mechanism of presence. Both groups of the clergy and professors share the identical views that television can be a suitable means for propagating religion. However, what these two groups differ on is propagation of religion through ideological TV and by experts and missionaries who are from among famous political figures. The desirable model for TV religious programs will be presented separately in the four fields of mechanism of presence of religion in the Iranian TV, and the content, presentation and execution fields.

The world today is the world of pluralism which is becoming smaller and smaller and at the same time more accessible every day. Today no country or nation can be found that claims to be pure in terms of race and ethnicity. These ethnical diversities are increasing thanks to immigration, marriage, and… This is while our country has enjoyed this cultural diversity since long time ago and various ethnicities have lived here beside one another in peace and calm for centuries. This paper intends to review the language diversities (with emphasis on ethnical languages in Iran) in the online media. In other words, this study intends to review and assess the written language of news media (news sites and news agencies) which have permits from the Press Department of the Culture and Islamic Guidance Ministry and the number of their ethnic languages. This study has used desk research, i.e. referring to sites and news agencies and their documents. The statistical population includes 33 news agencies and 77 active news sites. The research has emphasized on the two ethnic languages of Kurdish and Azari while taking a short glance at the two international languages of English and Arabic as well.

The history of relationships between the media and religion dates back to the advent of printing industry. Since then setting an appropriate and influential relationship between religion and mass media as well as organizing functions, and also offering mechanisms to help effective establishment of these relationships have been under consideration. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between religion and modern media, and to find reasonable answers to the questions whether media are instrumental in nature and are used to remove religion from the society or they are neutral tools that could assist in promotion of religion. Philosophical, sociological and historical approaches within the framework of desk research were utilized to answer these questions. Applying each of these approaches, we are faced with a spectrum of opinions leading to the two extremes of ‘technological determinism’ and ‘instrumentalism’. Moreover, considering the attempts made by the Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting (IRIB) to apply the expected functions of modern media within the framework of religious instructions and moral virtues, this paper deals with how it is possible to propagate and advertise religious affairs in the vast realm of public media’s audiences in order to encourage people not interested in these types of programs and turn them into active audiences. For this, after enumerating characteristics of ‘religious media’ based on experimental evidence, a model of media rites is introduced for Iran and other parts of the world. Then, some form of this model will be studied in the Iranian society. Finally, the necessity of planning based on this model will be specified. Results show that “live” broadcast of religious rituals on IRIB before having positive impacts has negative impacts. Nonetheless, turning religious contents into “media programs” within a showpiece in an artistic form could have dual and positive effects. That is to say that for believers in religion it could offer some religious awareness and passion and for those who are not interested in religious issues it could act as an entertaining and interesting program.

Relying on a higher understanding of the provided data, graphic communication helps users to enhance their efficiency in utilization and evaluation of information and plays an effective role in public relations. This study intends to examine and identify the role of graphic communication in message transfer and its absorption by audiences of public relations of the Governor’s Office of BaharestanCity. Descriptive-survey method has been applied in this study. Statistical population includes 256 employees of the Baharestan City governor’s office, members of the Coordination Council of the Public Relations of Baharestan City organizations and the governor’s office clients. According to Morgan Table, statistical sample of the study includes 154 people selected by using stratified random sampling method and evaluated by a 21-item questionnaire. Cronbach's alpha for the questionnaire has been 0.843. The collected data has been analyzed by SPSS software. The findings of the study indicate that chi square values for both research questions have been at significance level (p

Adolescents comprise a significant part of young countries’ population and their leisure time activities have a great impact on the formation of individual and collective identities and the closest ties with their spiritual and cultural life. This is because they tend to rely on social relationships and interact and spend time with their friends and peers in their leisure hours so that they can learn more about their roles and values in the society. Thus, according to variousstudies, the public sphere and urban spaces are considered among the most appropriate places in the community to meet their needs. But unfortunately, today we witness how they spend a considerable part of their daily lives and leisure time at home to surf the Internet and are active in the cyberspace. Therefore, this study intends to review the possible impact of adolescent's satisfaction with the quantitative and qualitative situation of urban spaces while considering the impact of known factors in the youth’s tendency. This is an applied and quantitative research and in order to conduct it 250 Karaji adolescents of 12 to 19 years of age were selected based on stratified random sampling method. The data has been collected using questionnaire and has been analyzed by the descriptive and inferential statistics (Pearson, T-test, factor analysis and multiple regression). The findings suggest that among individual and family factors, only gender had no significant relationship with the presence of adolescents in virtual social networks. The attractions of virtual social networks and adolescents’ satisfaction with the urban spaces on the whole account for 41% of the alterations in dependent variable, which in case other variables are constant, the highest impact on the dependent variable belongs to "the possibility of consolidation and development of social interactions," (0.436), and the satisfaction with the quantitative and qualitative situation of urban spaces each has the impact of -0.161 and 0.103 on their leisure time spent in the virtual social networks.

This research is aimed at conducting qualitative study of challenges posed by cellphone social networks on the lives of their users. The study has used qualitative research method and semistructured interview. For this purpose, 20 professional users at Islamic Azad University of Esfahan (Khorasgan) were selected based on purposeful theoretical saturation sampling and interviewed in person. The data were analyzed by applying the 7-step Colaizzi method. The research findings have shown that the main three concepts of ‘individual privacy rights intrusion’, ‘decline in social relations confidence’ and ‘using false identity’ have been the most destructive impacts of these networks on the users’ lives. Being aware of these threats and challenges, while decreasing social harms, provides the possibility of optimal use of new technologies and helps pave the way for cultural planning and policy making and those in charge to make a balance for the cultural development of the country with greater attention.

National identity in every society depends on its constructive dimensions and its status. One of the factors effective on the national identity of each society is the media. The media can affect the personality of each individual and change individual identity and consequently the collectiveidentity and create a new identity. This study has been conducted with the aim of identifying the relationship between the media usage and national identity of the youth and to this end has utilized the ‘use and gratification’ and ‘cultivation’ theories in the theoretical section of the research. Using survey method, the study has conducted research on 383 youths of 15 to 29 years of age in Yazd city. For a more precise examination, the media have been divided into two kinds of mass media ad social media. Questionnaires have been used as data collecting instruments of the research. The validity of the data collection means was conclusive and Cronbach's Coefficient Alpha was used to assess its reliability. The data was analyzed using SPSS software at descriptive and inferential levels. The findings of data analysis have shown that the respondents use social media more than the mass media and telegram was the most used among the virtual social networks. A negative and significant correlation was witnessed between the usage of social media and religious and cultural identity of the youth while the relationship between the usage of the mass media and religious and cultural identity was not significant. Also, the relationship between social dimension of national identity and the extent of mass media usage and social media was not significant. The results of testing the main hypothesis of the research indicate that there is no significant relationship between the extent of mass media usage and national identity but a negative and significant relationship between the extent of social media usage and national identity of the Yazd city youths.

Resistance Economy is an expression cited in 2010 for the first time by the IRI Supreme Leader in a meeting with entrepreneurs. Ayatollah Ali Khamenei reaffirmed the idea of “Resistance Economy” on numerous successive occasions. Resistance Economy in fact portrays an economy which has the capability of resisting different shocks. Such an economy must be vulnerable before different situations and have the ability to go through crises. Resistance Economy is a way to get out of this situation. In other words, it is meant to popularize the economy and delegate the economic affairs to the people. In order to accomplish this task long term perspectives on economic policies are required and the economic infrastructures must be devised in a way to strengthen the general outlines of the economy in hard times. Here, the media by adopting their own special policies can greatly help prepare the ground for realization of the Resistance Economy in the society. This would be possible only through launching media discourse. In line with this policy, a specialized forum under the theme “Role of the Media in Resistance Economy Discourse” was held on January 23, 2017. The session was organized by the Media Studies and Research Bureau and attended by university professors, media activists, journalists and other people interested in the mass media.