فصلنامه روستا و توسعه
سال یازدهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 44، زمستان 1387)

Considering the importance of government investment in poverty alleviation, the main objective of this study is to examine the direct and indirect impacts of some of these investments on poverty alleviation and total growth of productivity in rural areas of Iran. To do this, an equation system was used which includes the effective factors on poverty and productivity growth. Based on the results, rural poverty is more elastic to investment in rural development and construction than other government investments, but investment in this context has no impact on the growth of total productivity. Investment in road construction is effective on rural poverty and ranked second in this respect. The next rank belongs to investment in agricultural research and its impact on the growth of total productivity is positive. According to the results, the impacts of various government development investments on rural poverty are direct, and their indirect impacts are limited.

Tourism in Iran is influenced generally by domestic tourism which is in turn dependent on rural tourism. For this reason, paying attention to the management of environment, local people participation, clear and strong laws, marketing, and realistic and systematic planning is quite necessary in rural tourism. In this paper the documentary research method was used to study the conceptual literature and theoretical underpinnings and then based on the characteristics of local rural tourism, a theoretical model appropriate to rural tourism planning in Iran was presented.

The goal of this study is to present a model of fuzzy logic and its application in the assessment of agricultural development of subdistricts of Kermanshah county which enables the planners to make more precise decisions. The study data were collected from the heads of service centers in subdistricts as experts of subject by a semi structured interview and the results indicated that the subdistricts can be ranked at five levels. The subdistricts of Dorood-faraman, Miandarband, and Jalalvand ranked first at 0.39 points; Sarab Niloofar, Koozaran, Chaghanarges, and Allahyarkhani ranked second at 0.389 points; and Mahidasht ranked third with 0.388 points of development, all located in the less developed subdistricts. Bilavar and Sarfiroozabad with 0.25 and 0.17 located at fourth and fifth rank in the group of undeveloped subdistricts.

The purpose of this study is to produce a crop that can provide an appropriate context for the participation of farmers in economic development of the area. The statistical population consisted of farmers who have cultivated three crops, triticale, Nomar barley and Hamoon wheat in 2002 crop year in Sistan-and-Baluchestan province. The study has applied cost-benefit analysis to time series data, and the results implied that since triticale is a newly introduced cereal in the province, that can be used as a seed food for human consumption and as a fodder for animal feeding, its cost-benefit ratio was more than one in two locations of the Sistan region and Khash. Triticale cultivation and extension as a new cereal with high potential for fodder and seed production can be effective in generating crop diversity and increasing performance in the region, considering its high performance in comparison with Nomar and Hamoon wheats.

Production system and social life of nomads face many challenges and socio-economic problems, one of which is drought. The Purpose of this study was to recognize the barriers to development and socio-economic problems created by drought during the five year period of 2001-2006 in winter resort area and its effects on the life of Taheri nomadic tribe in Tabas county. The research methodology was field study relying on scientific sampling and also using statistics and information from censuses of moving tribes during the past years. The results indicated that drought has affected the community economically and socially and declined development trend considerably. Some of the most important economic effects of drought were a decline in the number of livestocks per household, severe decline in the number of heavy livestocks, decline in the production of handicrafts and ultimately reducing production and average income of each household in comparison to pre drought period. Some of the most important social impacts of drought were population decline in the tribe as a result of out-migration, particularly of seasonal and temporal type. Other negative impacts of drought were pasture land destruction, and decline in the quantity and quality of produced feed.

Despite many advantages of rural industrialization, the present situation of rural industries in Iran can not absorb the surplus labour in rural areas, eliminate the considerable difference between the welfare in rural and urban areas, stop rural-urban migration and realize socio-economic development. An examination of factors that affect the performance of small rural industries can identify important points with respect to the reasons of the non convergence of rural small industry with rural development objectives, and delineates the main lines of inter enterprise planning (by enterprise managers) and outer enterprise policies (by government). Therefore, this paper categorized the effective factors on the performance of small rural industries into three structural, contextual and content factors. Then it used exploratory methodology to examine the experts views of rural development issues in Iran with respect to the influence of individual indicators on the performance of small rural industries and their prioritization.

Hometown associations are rural and town migrants sustainable organizations and institutions in large cities which passed through a process for their formation and have specific objectives. The present study used qualitative methodology with interview, group interview and observation to deal with the main characteristics of hometown associations, the examples of these associations in Iran, Daryani's association in Tehran, and their impacts on the development of Daryan village. The required data were collected from Daryani people settled in Tehran and Daryan village. The results of study indicated that Tehran's Daryani people have extended religious, charity, economic, supportive, public service, social and cultural organizations and they work together through kinship and co-ethnicity. Some organizational characteristics of these associations indicate the members are a mixture of relatives and friends, and they elect their leaders and main members democratically; They have also extensive potentials to cooperate with government institutions and have a long history in development activities. By investment, employment generation, establishment of industrial plants and attention to village issues ultimately these associations have an important role in the development of Daryan village.

After a participatory appraisal of crisis management in damaged village Khajeh Asgar, a survey was carried out to examine the consequences and crisis management process. The findings of the study rejected the formed perception of victims particularly their weaknesses, expectations, roles, concerns, and passiveness, and highlighted the efficiencies and potentials of the networks of social relation norms, specifically kinship in local management. It also verified the active role of people and local networks in rescue, relief, primary rehabilitation, clearing debris, provision of basic needs, directing earthquake aid, aiding needy invalid, appropriate and proportionate distribution of materials such as food, tent, sanitation, heat and cool generators, and monitoring and control. Of course, despite the potentials and efficiencies of people and local communities, the level of their participation in rehabilitation of rural dwellings were very low, because decision makings and management were based on the myth of inability and weakness of those who were damaged. Ignoring or low utilization of local human and environmental potentials caused the considerable rise of the costs and growth of social anomies. The lack of attention to the nature of social trust that has a local structure and relies on local and familiar culture of kinship and attachment of ownership, wealth and livelihood caused the raise of social and normative conflicts in social structure.