Govaresh
Volume:23 Issue: 2, 2018

Most of obese persons have repeated attempts to weight loss throughout life. Failure to maintain weight loss leads to weight regain. Repeated cycles of weight loss and regain are called weight cycling (WCy), weight fluctuation, or weight instability. WCy is the most challenging issue of weight regulation in obesity. Some recent studies have indicated the potential association between WCy, metabolic profile, and fat composition. Animals with WCy history had up to the five-fold increase in weight gain compared to the obese with stable weight. WCy can alter hormones involved in energy hemostasis, decrease resting metabolic rate, and increase food efficiency. Studies have suggested that WCy can lead to more difficult weight loss in the next attempt than before. This issue is a poor prognostic sign due to unfavorable metabolic and psychological parameters. WCy has been associated with increased risk of metabolic syndrome, fatty liver, bone fracture, cardiovascular disease, and cancers in the recent studies. An accelerated immune response due to WCy can increase the negative effects on metabolism. The aim of this review article was to highlight the negative consequences of WCy on the health status of obese subjects.

One of the basic needs of behavioral scientists is access to standard questionnaires. The purpose of this study was to determine the psychometric of a theory based questionnaire about colorectal cancer screening with uptake of fecal occult blood test based on health belief model.
This descriptive analytic-psychometric study was carried out among 150 individuals aged over 50 years in Kermanshah, western Iran, in winter 2016. The participants were selected by using simple random sampling allocation method in proportional to size among households aged over 50 years covered by Kermanshah health centers. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 20.
The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) was calculated as 0.778. Three constructs of the five constructs of the health belief model including perceived benefits, perceived barriers, and perceived severity accounted to 73.27% of the variance of the hypothesized model. The reliability of the questionnaire by measuring Cronbach's alpha for constructs; perceived sensitivity, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, and perceived self-efficacy were 0.72, 0.78, 0.87, 0.81, and 0.70, respectively.
The questionnaire had the obligatory validity and reliability to measure cognition related to about uptake of fecal occult blood test based on health belief model.

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory disease that because of its unknown and recurring nature can reduce the quality of life of the affected patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of mindfulness-based intervention on disease activity and quality of life in patients with UC.
This was a clinical trial with control group. In this study, 32 patients with UC were selected through voluntary sampling. The experimental group underwent 10 sessions of 120 minutes of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy. For evaluating the efficacy of the treatment, the Lichtiger Colitis Activity Index (LCAI) and Crohn’s and Ulcerative Colitis Questionnaire (CUCQ) were used.
The analysis of the results showed that difference between the two groups in terms of decreasing the severity of disease activity and increasing the quality of life was not statistically significant (p˃0.05), but increased quality of life in the experimental group was significant in terms of the three stages of evaluation (p 0.05).
It can be stated that mindfulness-based interventions may be beneficial in improving physical symptoms and quality of life in patients with UC, which requires future studies, taking into account the limitations of this study.

Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) could be mentioned as the most complex endoscopic procedure and is widely used for diagnosis and treatment of biliary and pancreatic disease. Pancreatitis is the most common complication following ERCP which may be life threatening. This article presents an old woman diagnosed as post-ERCP pancreatitis without increasing in serum amylase level.
A 69 years old woman with a history of cholecystectomy a few years ago, was presented with abdominal pain in epigastric region. Abdominal sonography revealed a dilated CBD (11 mm in diameter) so MRCP performed for diagnosis. There were several stones in CBD, so the patient underwent therapeutical ERCP. Six hours after the procedure, she complained of severe abdominal pain in RUQ and tenderness. Serum amylase was 51 mg/dL. An abdominal CT scan revealed pancreatitis.
Pancreatitis is the most common complication following ERCP which indicates with abdominal pain in RUQ and increasing in serum amylase level more than 3 fold of normal upper limit. In this case, pancreatitis occurred without laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis which is not a common occurrence.

Using personal health record (PHR) for the management of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) as a chronic disease can be beneficial for the patients and provide their needs and make them more informed. PHRs offer an integrated and comprehensive view of health information, including information people generate themselves and information from doctors , and information from their pharmacies and insurance companies. Using personal health record is one of the crucial aspects of improving personal health. In this survey, we designed and implemented a web-based PHR for patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in order to help improve the health status of the patients with IBD.
In designing level based on observing methods and assessing documents, at first, the minimum data set was set and then required areas of designing PHR using the questionnaire method and determining content validity by IBD experts were set. The requirements were categorized based on continuous care record standards. In this survey, the process of modeling and implementing patients and physicians modules was done, too.
Basic capabilities of the system were determined in four parts. Then, the results of the survey of 17 IBD experts about 172 required data in five areas with Cronbach's alpha upper 0.7 were set. Designing and implementing were done for patients and physicians in two different modules.
This system makes information coherent and enables us to access and manage the health information of the patient. We could also do remote monitoring of patients in long term cares. Also by using the results of the questionnaire survey in patients and physicians modules, we could check out changes in the quality of patients’ lives and severity of the disease during the treatment.

Generally, 15% to 40% of the world populations are suffering from non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The aim of this study was to conduct an epidemiological evaluation of NAFLD and its related factors in the west of Iran.
This cross-sectional study was conducted for 12 months, from July 2013 to July 2014, in the city of Sanandaj. In this study, multistage cluster sampling method was used. The general characteristics of the subjects including their age, sex, body mass index, history of diabetes, hypertension, and heart disease were recorded. All the subjects underwent abdominal ultrasound; besides, patients with fatty liver underwent blood tests (lipid profile, liver function test, fasting blood sugar, hepatitis B virus antigen & Hepatitis C virus antibody). Statistical analysis was performed using descriptive statistics and logistic regression test.
A total of 410 patients were included in the study, of whom 145 (35%) had NAFLD. The prevalence of fatty liver in males (43%) was twice more than that in females (22%). The severity of fatty liver disease was increased with increasing blood sugar (OR = 3.214, 95% CI = 1.357, 7.612), triglycerides, and total cholesterol (OR = 2.897, 95% CI = 1.245, 6.736).
findings of this study shows that, the prevalence of NAFLD in the west of Iran equals with the highest rates reported from other countries and the prevalence was much higher than that in Asian countries. It is recommended to implement fast and effective interventions to control fatty liver disease.

GastroEsophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) is the most common gastrointestinal disorders, which may be caused or aggravated by occupational stress. In this study we aimed to investigate the prevalence of GERD in nurses working in hospitals of a province in Iran and assessing its relationship with their occupational stress.
The study was a cross-sectional and correlational one. The study population included all nurses working in public hospitals of a province in Iran in 2016. The stratified random sampling was used. The data were collected using Nursing Stress Scale (NSS) and Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Questionnaire. The SPSS software version 22 and independent t, Chi-square, and Mann-Whitney tests were used for data analysis.
The prevalence of GERD and severe levels of occupational stress among nurses were 26.8%, and 25.9%, respectively. Statistical analyses showed no significant correlation between occupational stress and the risk of GERD, but a significant relation was found between the sex of the nurses and their occupational stress and between their type of employment and the risks of GERD.
The prevalence of GERD among nurses had no significant difference with that in the general community. Although nursing is considered as a stressful job, it seems that nurses adapt themselves with the working conditions after a while and experience stress levels similar to other people in the community.

Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) as a gram-positive bacillus is the main cause of diarrhea leading to hospital admission