فصلنامه برنامه ریزی و بودجه
پیاپی 100 (آذر و دی 1385)

Second half of 20th century marks the beginning of the endeavors of the world states toward achieving economic growh and development. This is a not an incidental development and increased the level of social welfare with the help of progressive cultural, political and social variables using industrial development strategy. Afterwards, third world newly independent countries designed various development plans and began to walk along the path of economic development with industrial characteristics. In this era, few countries were able to reach the status of developed countries while the attempts of most third world countries were of no avail. The failure of development plans in different parts of world lead to the emergence of assorted economic schools of economic development. Each of these schools explained the reasons and barriers of economic development in a cartain way. Nonetheless, all these accounts could be summarized in a statement: They were all endogenous. Believing in the indigenousness of development requires that every region commence growth and development from itself. Though in order to reach this purpose, first one should pinpoint and examine the obstacles ahead of economic development. In development issues, industrial development is more important in a way that most of intellectuals take economic development as synonymous to industrial development. This research tries to identify the barriers in the road of industrial institutional (administrative-executive) obstacles. Acquaintance with the barriers that industrial investors bump into in administrative-executive process would be a starting point for removing the barriers of industrial development.

Getting informed on the characteristics of provincial transportation could be helpful in regional economic planning. This paper tries to describe the situations in provincial economic sectors through data analysis and location quotient in order to identify the necessary characteristics of transportation. It also attempts at examining transportation status of the province and comparing its characteristics with those of other provinces. The results of the research, conducted on the basis of the production accounts of the Irans provinces within 2000, show that Mazandaran provinces passengers transportation is continual. In respect to cargo, as the province is an agricultural region and industrial factories are not so developed there, Mazandaran has turned into an exporter of agricultural products and importer of industrial items; hence there is a need for an appropriate transportation system to meet the requirements. Meanwhile, road and especially railroad transportation in Mazandaran province have relative priority compared to the whole country. But because of reasons such as population distribution, geographical issues and insufficient infrastructures, the main part of passenger and cargo transportation in Mazandaran province is by road and the share of railroad transportation in the province is little

Approximately half of employees over the world work in the gender specific jobs where at least 80 percent of the employees belong to the same gender. In fact, non-agricultural jobs specific to men are seven times more than those of women. This phenomenon shows inflexibility of job market; it leads to the reduction in especially for women and decreases the economic efficiency (Anker, 1998). Gender-wise job discrimination is indicative of not only gender-wise inequality in job opportunities. Indeed, jobs specific to women are often less paid, lower in position and more limited in possibilities of promotion than those of men; moreover it is proved that more equality of men and women in a job has a negative effect on its wage (Golden, 2002). It is necessary to calculate and compare the indicators showing the different aspects of job market gender-wise so as to examine the gender discrimination status in the job market. Using a collection of Decent Work indicators, which express job market status in a country, this paper tries to calculate the extent of gender discrimination in Irans job market in various and analyzer the trends of its changes with the pass of time. Therefore, firstly the definitions and concepts of 23 Decent Work Indicators are offered. Then 19 indicators pertaining to gender discrimination are introduced and 11 indicators, possible to be calculated with the use of household employment and unemployment statistical time series data within 1997 and 2003, are calculated for the whole country gender-wise. The results of the research shows that although womens participation in the job market and their status in this market have enjoyed a growing trend in the period surveyed, in most cases women do not have the same access to equal opportunities in job market as men do.