فصلنامه برنامه ریزی و بودجه
پیاپی 104 (امرداد و شهریور 1386)

This research aims at studying challenges, difficulties and prospects of Irans income distribution sector during 2005-2015 by means of an econometric model. The first part of the paper reviews some theories and empirical accomplishments regarding income distribution in national and international levels. The next part of the paper goes through the trends of income distribution and social welfare indices within the last 20 years. Then a comparative study is presented on income distribution indices between Iran and a selection of developing and developed countries. Afterwards, on the basis of previous part studies, an econometric model is designed with the aim of explaining behavior of inequality indices, i.e. Gini Coefficient, lower decile to upper decile ratio, lower 20 % to upper 20 % ratio, and social welfare indicator within 1971-2001 as well as making projections needed. Then, making use of the model and Irans 4h development plan assumptions, which are actually exogenous variables of the model, the prospects of the income distribution sector are presented within 2005-2015 in three options, i.e. continuation of the present status, economic growth by 7 %, and economic growth by 8.6 %. Next, basic problems and challenges in the field of income distribution are studied. Finally, policy solutions and the requirements to betterment of income distribution and social welfare are offered through the use of the results gained from the model.

Today, unemployment has become a major problem in national level as well as in Yazd Province. The presence of high unemployment has caused considerable amount of wastage of active human resources of the society which otherwise could have been used in various prosperous activities. As a result this situation may lead to poverty, corruption, unequal income distribution and other negative consequences. Meanwhile, it seems instability and lack of equilibrium in the labor market could be of major impediments to development in the province. Hence, betterment of employment situation and lowering unemployment could decrease the undesired socio-economic and cultural consequences and lead to an all-out development. Yet the improvement of labor markets and human resources planning, as the engine of development, requires precise studies. Hence, this paper studies the role of women as a part of the society regarded seemingly suffering from less stability and more fragility in Yazd Provinces labor market. This paper analyses the trends of fluctuations and the influencing factors concerned in the rates of womens activities during 1966-2002. In this regard, the increase in rates of education and the number of female students is considered the major cause of decrease in womens activities. Lower rates of urban womens activities, and as a result those of the women in total, have lead to the entry of more rural women to the labor market in younger ages compared to that of urban women. Then the paper examines unemployment rates fluctuations among women as well as relative distribution of employed women categorized by main activity groups and sectors during the period mentioned. The major findings of this study are as follows: stabilization of mens role in the Provinces labor market, higher unemployment rates of urban women compared to those of rural ones, relative balance of job opportunities distribution among women of urban and rural areas, more vulnerability of young and adolescent women in the labor market, the decrease of industrys role and the increase of service sectors share in womens employment, and the increase of educated womens share in unemployment.