فصلنامه برنامه ریزی و بودجه
پیاپی 121 (تابستان 1392)

This article examines the relationships between government expenditures (current and capital) and private investment over the period of 1959- 2007 in Iran. To examine the long and short run relationships between model variables، the dynamic auto regression approach with distributed lag (ARDL) and the standard Granger causality relationship has been used. Findings indicate that based on long and short run Granger causality relationship; there is a one way causality relationship from economic growth and Banking Credits to increasing Private investment expenditures. Also there is both in long and short run، a one way Granger causality relationship between government capital expenditures and inflation to reduce Private investment expenditures. Finally، there is no causality relationship between government current expenditures with private investment expenditures.

The investigation of corruption perception effect on the poverty and income inequality is one of the main issues in the economic literature in a way that a myriad of empirical studies have been conducted in this area within recent years. For this purpose، the main objective of this paper is to investigate the causal relationship between human poverty index and corruption perception index for MENA countries over the period of 2003-2011. To conduct this purpose، the empirical model has been estimated by a dynamic panel data approach and GMM estimator. The main results of study reveal that، there is bidirectional causality between corruption perception index and human poverty index in these countries. Hence the improvement of corruption perception index could be enhence the human poverty index and the outher way round.

Empirical Studies are indicative of four existing variables of tax rate، complexity of rules and regulations، social capital and inflation as the most influential factors in triggering tax evasion to be a mutual parameter among developing countries. in this paper، we regard all these factors in an econometric model to estimate the impact of each one in the context of the Iranian economy. To this end، An ARDL approach and annual data over the period of 1971- 2007 have been used. The results show that in the long run، the tax rate، the complexity of the regulations، a lack of social capital and inflation all have positive and significant relationship with tax evasion. In the short run all results were similar to the long run ones but inflation has not had a decisive role in tax evasion.

Doubtlessly، establishing sustainable growth and development of urban areas is a major goal of policy-makers since a considerable proportion of total population with various levels of income live in such areas. Given the scope and diversity of the economic activities، industrial sector may provide an effective instrument for fulfilling the balanced development of economic activities، which could consequently be extended to political، cultural and other spheres. This article uses Input-Output model analysis based on conventional Static IO to investigate the role and position of industrial sector in the economics of urban areas. Hence، a 13-sector table was extracted from 65-sector Input-Output table of Iranian economy in 2006، taking the statistical limitations in mind. Later، production multipliers and backward-forward linkages were calculated in different sectors according to emission power and elasticity. The findings illustrate that paper the highest production coefficient was for construction industry sector 2. 07. The results of elasticity and emission power analysis indicate that as the industrial sector has relationship with other sectors in the field of buying the inputs of other sectors and selling its own outputs to other sectors، it leads more activities in the whole urban economy than the overall average of all other sectors.

So far various theories have been proposed in a try to explain the influential factors on development as well as the reasons of difference among the levels of development in countries. This article tries to use comparative analysis to study Max Weber’s ideas (as a distinguished sociologist of German Historical School) and those of Douglas North (as an institutional economist). This study indicates that in addition to German Historical School’s effect on the formation of institutional economics paradigm، there are outstanding similarities and differences between the ideas of Weber and North. The findings indicate that North has used Weber’s explanation regarding the effects of factors such as culture، values and beliefs on the economic performance. Meanwhile، North uses the concept of institution to better explain how these factors influence the economic performance. On the other hand، the institutional approach، which has recently been the focus of attention، seemingly provides a proper approach to include social variables in economic issues.

Reviewing the development theories in chronological order، it is clearly understood that the conceptual definition of development has changed from irrespective standpoints of human aspects، toward embodying human considerations of growth. Development indicators have advanced shoulder to shoulder with development theories، in a way to change from ‘economic development indicators’ to ‘sustainable development indicator’ and finally، to ‘human development indicator’. Since policy-makers of international society have accepted the ‘human development indicator’، it has been a frequent question “What are the influential factors on this indicator?” One of the factors that affect this indicator is the level of capital as a facilitator of production process، creation of wealth and welfare. This research tries to find the role of ‘human capital’ in improving the ‘human development indicator’ in regional scale in Iran within the period 2002-2006. The hypothesis of the research holds that ‘human capital’ has a positive role in improving the ‘human development indicator’. The researchers employ econometric method of spatial panel data to analyze the provincial data with the aim of testing the hypothesis. The results demonstrate proves the positive role of ‘human capital’ logarithm on the ‘human development indicator’ logarithm with the coefficient 0. 06.

Property is a tangible or intangible asset owned by an individual or jointly by a group of people. Due to the nature of the property, the owner has the right to consume, sell, rent, mortgage, transfer, and swap or even to destroy his/her property. The owner also has the right to prohibit others from using it. Property rights related to assets are the rights formulated in relation to the property. Economists hold that protecting property rights is a factor that leads to growth in developed countries through an implicit process encapsulated in the complex formal property system. According to them, such an influence is exerted in six ways: potential economic orientation of assets, collection of scattered data in the economic system, making the people accountable, making the assets transferable, networking the people and supporting the transactions. Because of lack of controlling structures, and weak contract enforcement, developing countries have been deprived of the benefits attributed to the protection of property rights. In addition to assessing the definitions of property rights, this article tries to answer two main questions: “What institutional infrastructures are required to create an efficient system of property rights in developing countries?” and “What are the obstacles ahead of these countries?” The article tries to provide some solutions to the problems as well. Accordingly, the experiences of East European countries are surveyed in the mean time in a try to answer these questions.