مجله مطالعات علوم پزشکی
سال بیست و نهم شماره 4 (تیر 1397)

Congenital anomaly is characterized by any anatomical defects present in a baby at birth that may cause major medical, surgical, or cosmetic consequences. the present study aimed to determine the prevalence of congenital anomalies and related factors among infants in Hamadan Fatemiyeh and Behesht hospitals in 2015.
this case series study included all subjects diagnosed with obvious abnormalities by a pediatrician who were admitted to Besat and Fatemiyeh hospitals of Hamadan. Gender, weight, birth week, type of anomaly, number of pregnancy and related parents were assessed as risk factors for congenital anomalies. Data collection was performed using checklists and statistical analysis was performed using SPSS, version 16.
a total of 246 neonates with congenital anomalies were assessed. Among participants 46.3% (n=114) were female and 53.7% (n=132) were male. According to the findings of this study, the majority of neonates (63.8%) weighted less than 2500 grams. Also, 30% of the subjects were first births and 44.4% were second births. The commonest abnormalities were cardiac (39.6%), gastrointestinal (22.2%) and the least common was musculoskeletal anomalies (3.5%)
the obvious congenital abnormalities during infancy include heart defects, renal anomalies, gastrointestinal, and genital abnormalities. In the second pregnancy, male infants are at greater risk for most types of congenital abnormalities than female infants.

Pleural effusion is the most common form of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis. With the advancement of endoscopic techniques, thoracoscopy has been identified as a diagnostic procedure for Pleural TB. The aim of this study was to evaluate the thoracoscopic manifestations of pleural tuberculosis and its association with the pathological findings of pleural tuberculosis.
In this cross-sectional study, 85 patients with unexplained exudative pleural effusion were studied over a period of 12 months. Patients with general anesthesia underwent thoracoscopy. Multiple biopsies were obtained from pleura and were evaluated using pathological examination.
Based on the pathology results, the patients were divided into two groups with the final diagnosis of TB as group 1 (40 patients) and other diagnoses as group 2 (45 patients). Thoracoscopic findings of group 1 included pleural effusion, multiple nodules, adhesion, Caseous necrosis, thickening, pleural edema, and single plurilateral nodules were found in 100%, 70%,67.5%, 60%, 30%,17.5% and2.5% of cases, respectively. Among these findings, caseous necrosis, multiple nodules, adhesion, thickening, and pleural edema had a statistically significant association with the ultimate pathological findings of TB.
In cases of suspicion of pleural TB, Thoracoscopy and direct pleural observation and multiple biopsies of the pleura are suitable methods. In the case of caseous necrosis, multiple nodules, adhesions, thickening, and pleural edema may be suspected in the presence of tuberculosis.

Helicobacter pylori is a microaerophilic gram negative bacillus which is one of the most common human infections. This bacterium is associated with various diseases and having multiple virulence genes such as toxins and adhesion factors. Several adhesion factors of bacteria involved in binding to the gastric epithelial cell and cause infection. The purposes of this study were to assess the babA2, babB and oipA genes to H. pylori isolated from Imam Reza Hospital of Tabriz.
Biopsy specimens obtained from 340 patients (During the year 2016) were cultured on Brucella agar and 130 H. pylori isolates were collected. Genomic DNA of total H. pylori isolates was extracted by using CTAB method. PCR reaction was performed on glmM gene for the confirmation of H. pylori. The presence of the babA2, babB, oipA genes were determined by PCR method.
The prevalence of babA2, babB and oipA genes was positive in 62.3%, 73.8% and 54.6%, respectively. The endoscopic observations indicated 21 PUD and 109 NUD cases of total 130 isolations. These findings showed that the prevalence of the babA2, babB and oipA genes in PUD patients were 13.1%, 10.8% and 6.9%, respectively.
Our findings showed that the prevalence of all three genes of babA2, babB and oipA in NUD patients is more than PUD patients. The oipA gene has a significant relation in developed clinical outcomes.

Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer in Iran. Wnt pathway changes are commonly reported in this type of cancer. Some of the important activities of this pathway are the role of carcinogenicity, cellular proliferation, cell migration, and so on. Axin2 acts as a negative regulator in the Wnt / TCF signaling pathway and helps in the formation of the beta-catenin destruction complex. Research has shown that this protein is mutated in many cases of CRC cancer. In past studies, the mutation on the exon 7 of this gene is of particular importance because it is linked to PP2A phosphatase and in various scientific sources; mutations in this region have been reported repeatedly in colorectal tumors. The aim of this project is to study SNP with ID rs370618491 nucleotide C2140T in exon 7 of axin 2 gene and to investigate the possible role of mutation in this SNP in colorectal cancer.
In this project, 147 frozen samples of patients (92 tumor tissues / 55 blood samples) and 25 control samples, and 3 cell lines of colorectal cancer, HT29, SW480 and CACO-2 were used. SNP selection was performed using bioinformatics methods including the use of NCBI, Ensembl databases and polyphen tool; DNA extraction was done by phenol-chloroform method. The PCR-RFLP method was used. The PCR-RFLP method was used and statistical analysis of demographic and clinical data was done using SPSS software.
This study showed that in one of 147 patient samples, there was a mutation in our preferred SNP position; in other samples, including cell lines no mutation showed. The results of SPSS 16.0 showed that the incidence of colorectal cancer in men was 55.7% and the mean age of patients over 40 years was 74%. It was also found that the size of the tumor (T) with P = 0.016 and the degree of tumor diffusion to the lymph nodes (N) with P=0.001 had a significant relationship with the grade of cancer progression.
The presence one mutation in 147 samples indicates the low frequency of this SNP in the Iranian population. Therefore, despite the importance of exon 7 in axin 2, laboratory results were not consistent with the results of studies. Some factors can influence this outcome, including high variability in factors affecting colorectal cancer and high genetic variation in Iranian population. In addition, it usually comes from bioinformatics studies that provide information about the importance of an issue, not its prevalence in a particular population; therefore, bioinformatics studies alone are not enough and the frequency and clinical effects of a mutation in laboratory methods should also be considered. Due to the importance of axin 2 in the Wnt pathway and the high rates of mutations observed in previous studies, investigating the level of gene expression of axin 2 and the quality of its protein function can be important in future studies.

Since aflatoxin contamination in food and livestock feed is considered as a serious health problem for human and animal health, this research focused on the ability of Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356 in reducing aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in a simulated human gastrointestinal tract containing Sterilized milk.
For this purpose, the bacteria count and aflatoxin concentration were adjusted to 1×1010 Cfu/ml and 5 ppm, respectively. In the simulated medium, artificial oral salivary, human small intestine and gastric secretions were inoculated. This study involved 6 treatment in the presence and absence of bacteria, sterilized milk, and gastrointestinal juice suspension. The concentration of residual aflatoxin was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and purification by Immunoaffinity column. The results were statistically analyzed by SPSS 20 software. The results indicated that reduction of aflatoxin B1 at all treatments were determined using HPLC with a detection limit of 0.25mg/ml and a quantification limit of 0.75 mg/ml. The mycotoxin recovery was 89% and 94% for AFB1 Good linearity was observed for all the analytes of interest, with correlation coefficients 0.995 within their respective linear ranges.
The highest percentage of AFB1 removal by probiotic strain of Lactobacillus acidophilus was 70±0.022% in the absence of sterilized milk, where there was a significant difference for the six groups (P The results also revealed that probiotic bacteria cell was a good biological agent for elimination or reduction of AFB1 in the human gastrointestinal tract. In addition to bacteria, gastric juice and small intestine contribute to elimination or reduction of AFB1

In this study, we investigated the effect of moderate intensity endurance training on the amount of BDNF in the hippocampus and blood serum of male rats.The brain-derived nutritional agent (BDNF) is very important due to its important role in synaptic plasticity, memory and neuronal function, and is recognized as the most important factor in these sports-induced events.Hippocampus is one of the two neurogenic regions of the brain are very effective in exercising.Distribution of neurotrophins occurs in different regions of the brain and at higher levels in the Hippocampus
For this study, 20 male Wistar rats with 200 g weigh were prepared.Rats were divided into 2 groups of exercise and untreated (control) group.After adapting the animals to the training conditions, each exercise started with a warm-up period of 5 minutes at a speed of 8 m/ min.Then, 10 minutes later, as the first course at 10 m / min, and the main training for 40 minutes at a speed of 22 m / min, at the end of the animals.The speed of cooling was 8 m / min.And for animals, one hour of exercise per day and five days of training per week was applied.After completing the training period blood samples were taken from the heart of anesthetized animals and then perfused with physiological serum, finally the brain of the rats were operated under the laboratory conditions and the two sides of hippocampus were extracted.BDNF measurements were performed using ELISA kit and data analysis was done using student's t-test.
The results of this study showed that 12 weeks of training had a significant effect on the brain-derived neurotrophic index of 20 rats in blood serum (p=0.013) and biphasic hippocampal tissue.(p=0.049)
The findings of this study, consistent with most studies, showed that BDNF in the training group there was a significant increase compared to the control group and showed that endurance exercise of moderate intensity could increase neuronal function in the hippocampus of the mouse, and also brain flexion modified by BDNF can be the basis for the positive effects of exercise on brain health.Nitric exercise also improves the moderate intensity of neuronal survival.Exercise can increase BDNF expression, increase efficacy and flexibility in pre-synaptic space and stimulant synapses.

Infertility is one of the major problems of today's societies, which affects a significant proportion of couples around the world. In addition to genetic and physiological disorders of female and male reproductive systems, infectious agents are also considered a significant part of the causes of infertility in couples. The purpose of this study was to review the literatures regarding the role of infectious agents (viruses, bacteria and protozoa) in female and male infertility.
The present review was conducted using articles published in PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, Wiley and Springer databases between 2001 and 2017.
According to the findings of the investigated articles, various infectious agents such as Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Mycoplasma genitalium, Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Ureaplasma parvum, Treponema pallidum, Human herpesvirus 6, Zika virus, Human papillomavirus, Herpes simplex virus, Human immunodeficiency virus, cytomegalovirus, Hepatitis B virus, Hepatitis C virus, Trichomonas vaginalis, Toxoplasma gondii, etc can cause reduced fertility or infertility in couples by affecting the different parts of the reproductive system.
Special attention to the role of infectious agents such as viruses, bacteria and protozoa in infertility, and further studies in this field can help us to better understand the causes of infertility as well as treatment of infertility in a significant proportion of infertile couples.

Methodology as a critical factor plays a significant role in achieving the acceptable results in educational fields, particularly in the process of language teaching and learning in applied linguistics. Analyzing the teaching methodology from different perspectives such as satisfaction is also important. Accordingly, the purpose of present paper is to evaluate the satisfaction level the students of medicine about GTM and CLT methods in UMSU.
To this end, a designed questionnaire was used among 35 students of medicine (17 males and 18 females) as a convenience sample ranging from 19 to 22 years to assess their beliefs about GTM and CLT. The quantitative and descriptive statistical methods were used to evaluate the students’ satisfactions level toward GTM and CLT. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS software, version 17. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) test was applied to evaluate the normal distribution of data in different variables (p> 0.05). In order to compare the mean scores of two methods, a paired t-test was used, respectively.
The findings indicated that there is a significant difference in students’ perception between GTM and CLT method in the presentation of contents. Students had positive attitudes toward deductive and lectured-based learning, and they were satisfied with GTM. In other four remained options, no significant differences were observed.
According to the results, it was revealed that although CLT method is confirmed and suggested by a large number of scholars to be an effective method in language teaching, its state of the practice is not in favor of learners in some cases, mainly among the students of medicine at UMSU.