ماهنامه معرفت
سال بیست و هفتم شماره 11 (پیاپی 254، بهمن 1397)

This paper is an account of the words of Amir al-Mu'minnan Ali (pbuh) regarding the signs of the true believers. Imam introduces refraining from hypocrisy and unwarranted shyness as two other signs of the true believers. Hypocrisy in acts of worship both leads to the invalidation of action and is a great sin. In duty irrespective of intention for which the intention of closeness to God is not a condition, and in permissible acts which are not obligatory, and one has no duty to do them, it may result in some otherworldly rewards; however, since the intention of closeness to God leads to reward for one’s action, God does not accept acts that are not meant for him. Bashfulness and modesty are also among the attributes of believers. Bashfulness is of two kinds: wise bashfulness and unwise bashfulness. Unreasonable and illogical modesty and bashfulness is not commanded by God and is therefore undesirable, but wise bashfulness about doing a wrong act that will bring shame on the doer is desirable.

Prayer is the most important worship in Islam, which has a lot of educational effects. The educational effect is referred to any internal and external character that a person receives in the process of an education that flourishes his intuitive talents. Using a descriptive-analytical method, this paper analyzes the individual and social educational effects of prayer from the perspective of the Qur'an. The individual educational effects of prayer include relaxation and mental health, preventing depression, preventing moral illness, eliminating negligence, cultivating ethical virtues, and spiritual evolution. The social educational effects include the public spirit, faith-making, punishing the hypocrites and distinguishing hypocrites from believers.

Education requires tools for measurement and evaluation. Educational indicators are a kind of tool that is rooted in educational goals; because indicators are a tool for achieving goals. Using a theoretical- documentary approach this paper indicates that, the educational indicators of the Holy Quran can be used for the improvement, development and growth of educational activities. According to the findings, these indicators and criteria can be categorized into three components of mental processes, behaviors, and tendencies. The following indicators of each component are: the component of mental processes includes, the indicators of science and knowledge, thinking and reasoning, knowledge and insight, critique and evaluation; the component of behavior includes, the indicators of commitment and social responsibility, pragmatism, chastity and purity, enjoining good and forbidding wrong and worship; and component of tendencies including love of God and guardianship-centeredness. These indicators are strongly related to each other. The findings of this research can be provided as an appropriate tool for educational institutions, organizations and schools to enable them to assess their educational activities.

Using a descriptive-analytical method, revising the concept of education and referring to some educational methods, this paper indicates that, although the adoption of the appropriate educational method depends on the recognition of the talents and spirits of the educators, one of the most effective methods in education is the method of affection and kindness. From the viewpoint of Imam Khomeini, the universe has been created with mercy and affection and the existence is the manifestation of the mercy of the Truth. Affection and kindness awaken the dormant faculties of the people, release the reserved forces, completes the human soul and brings
about the prosperity of human talents. Therefore, Imam Khomeini believes that guidance without affection is not complete and love of creatures and guiding them are the consequences of the Divine love. In the educational system of Imam Khomeini, the affection he has appeared in various ways in his speech and deeds. The secret of education of Imam Khomeini lies in familiarity and intimacy with the pupils. Mentioning the manifestations and examples of this affection and love in Imam Khomeini's life is the purpose of this paper.

One of the main pillars of cultivating moral virtues and spiritual evolution is self-knowledge, and the man will not achieve any of spiritual stages, unless this difficult phase passes; that's why the famous thinkers such as Iqbal Lahoori, has carefully and thoroughly examined this issue. Explaining the ways of achieving self-awareness and self-education in the human being is the purpose of this research. Using a descriptive-analytical method, this paper studies the Iqbal philosophy of self. A philosophy based on the freedom of the soul from the humanistic constraints, and freedom from the domination of the world arrogance. The realization of this depends on factors such as servitude, love, freedom, and so on. The educational solutions, based on Iqbal's philosophy of self, are explained in this paper. Following these measures and acting on them will ensure the health of the individual and the community.

Religious education, based on the Islamic concepts and criteria, brings humanity to the highest level of virtues and perfections. But sometimes, due to lack of proper approach and attention, this issue is damaged and its pathology is necessary by discovering and analyzing the intellectual and behavioral deviations of custodians. In this regard, the educational ideas of Amir-Mu'minnan Ali (P.B.U.H.) are to identify and eliminate the pests in the religious education of the children. Using a descriptive- analytical method, and focusing on Nahj al-Balagh and its related books, this paper analyzed the religious education in the family scope. Findings show that, Amir-Mu'minnan Ali (P.B.U.H.) has considered disregarding the parental role, the age of the pupils, compulsory-based education, hastening in the education, negligence of families in religious education as the harmful factors in education. Accordingly, the ease, patterning, and knowing of the addressee are among his recommendations to reduce the harmful factors in religious education.

Analyzing the obstacles and threats to family and school collaboration to promote the religious education of elementary school students, according to religious education experts (educational sciences areas, psychology, Islamic sciences, and successful managers and teachers) is the main issue of this paper. The question is: What are the barriers and threats in the relationship of home and school, which can lead to inadequate religious education in elementary school students, from the viewpoint of the religious education experts? This study is a qualitative research in which semi-open interview and purposeful sampling method have been used for gathering information. The number of interviewees was twenty-five. The directed content analysis method has been utilized to analyze data. Findings show that, the barriers and threats to family and school collaboration are three categories; first, the threats caused by the social and cultural conditions, second, the threats caused by shortcomings in the collaborative activities of the school staff, third, the threats caused by shortcomings in parenting activities.