ماهنامه معرفت
سال بیست و هفتم شماره 8 (پیاپی 251، آبان 1397)

Contentment is considered as one of the characteristics of the true Shi'a. Contentment means decreasing one’s attention to materialistic life and worldly pleasures. Contentment prevents a believer from wasting what he/she has attained as well as God's blessings provided for him/her, and makes him/her use the blessings only as much as needed. A true believer believes in God and the Hereafter, and does not regard this world as a means for achieving closeness to God. A person who only tries to enjoy worldly pleasure and denies the Hereafter thinks that life ends in this world and the second world does not exist; such people have little faith. Therefore, using the worldly possessions for non-divine purposes or any purpose other than the Hereafter is unwise.  A true Shia lives in this world by using the light of reason and revelation and is purified from deviations and aberrations with the guidance of revelation and reason. This is the philosophy of contentment in the world.

Salman Farsi, the great companion of the Messenger of Allah, had a style in management that could be called an "Islamic value-based management style". He had a lofty and value-based outlook on power and responsibility, and considered this issue as a ground for the rule of divine values and doing service to the people. His style of management in the political, military and cultural areas was based on the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) and Imam Ali (pbuh). The present descriptive- analytical paper aims to pave the way for identifying the appropriate model of Islamic management style through studying the management of this great companion of the Prophet.

How important is history among the Shiites? What historical issues have drawn their attention in the early times? What has been the course of compilations over time and role of the hadith areas in their formation? These questions are dealt with in the present study which seeks to clarify the Shiites’ historiography and their views on this subject. The findings of this study indicate that for Shi'i authors and historians, the history of Shi'a (i.e., the life of the Imams) has mostly had priority over the history of the Muslim world. Thus, the events closely related to Shiite history were chosen as subjects for Shi'i scholars' compilations and work. The historical course of the compilation of works indicates that the formation of each historical subject over time has gone through a different process and has either been welcomed or rejected by the scholars. Also, Shi'i hadith areas have played different roles in shaping these works. Generally, Shiite
historiography in the first five centuries has been indebted to the efforts of the scholars in the scientific centers of Iraq, especially the Kufa school.

One of the stages of the life of the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) is the end of his blessed life, as well as the time of his tragic demise. There are various traditions and reports recorded in the historical sources about this event, but, in some cases, they have so many differences that the truth and reality about this event is hard to find. The research question is: Which of the existing various traditions is closer to reality? Which sources and narrations are acceptable? One of the ways of understanding the reality about this event is the words of Amir al-Mu'minnan, the constant companion of the Messenger of Allah, which is an unmistakable source of reference about the event. In this research, Imam Ali's words are presented as a solid evidence about this event, and the traditions of different narrators from the early sources are also narrated, investigated and confirmed based on the words of Imam Ali. In other words, some narrations confirm the words of the Imam, and some of them are opposing or contrary to his words. The findings show a short narration from the time of demise of the Messenger of God by an infallible narrator, which differs from that of other narrators.

The Prophet's Most darling and Merciful Personality, One of the most important and matter factors in spreading Islam among the people of Hejaz and other areas covered, Which was accompanied by divine support. Among the fundamental discussions of human resources is the choice and selection of the best forces for the management and leadership of society. Which in its term is the "worthy Selection" of the " better Selection" And according to the Holy Quran, " elect" . The selection of a competent manager has a process, One of its stages is Cadastre or, to the Qur'an, the term "election by God". Cadastralization also has an essential role, one of the most important of which is the popularization or, according to the Holy Quran, "inducing love". Love was in the purity of the prophet of Allah, but the Wisely love that encompassed the friend and the enemy. The present article explains and analyzes some of the types of love of the Prophet of Islam with the opposition, with a theoretical and analytical method.

The epic event of Ashura has inspired many liberation movements in the world, and millions of free people have been and will be inspired by it in their battles. During this uprising, Aba al-Abdullah and his Ahl al-Bayt addressed the humanity at all times and places by their speeches and contention with their opponents in various places, including Medina, Mecca, Dhuhasam and so on. His audience showed different reactions to the eternal message of Ashura. The purpose of this paper is to find out how the epic event of Ashura influenced human society. In this research, data is collected using a documentary approach and the research method is descriptive-analytical. By examining the reactions of his audience at that time and his audience beyond time and place over the course of history, the research has identified nine different reactions to this uprising, namely: accepting the legitimacy of the Imam but refraining from helping him; denying the Imam's legitimacy and making war with him, accepting of the legitimacy of the Imam but making war with them; accepting the legitimacy of the Imam and declaring readiness to help them; accepting the legitimacy of the Imam and helping him; mourning; regretting; protesting and uprising.

In the first quarter of the 10th century (923 AH), Egypt and Al-Sham were captured by the Ottoman Turks; Mamalik government was disintegrated, Cairo, the capital of the Mamalik government and the center of the Abbasid caliphate, turned into one of the provinces of the Ottoman Empire, and the position of the Caliphate was transferred to the Ottoman Empire. Under the bureaucratic system, they ruled the land for four centuries, but some factors led to the elimination of caliphate, political disunity, the western influence, and the disintegration of the region into several countries. Using a descriptive, analytical and explanatory approach, this research examines the role of the Ottoman government in the process of the disintegration of Egypt and the Levant. According to the researcher, domestic policies in the form of administrative, military, cultural, religious, and educational structures, as well as the foreign policy of the Ottoman government were drafted and implemented in such a way that resulted in the collapse, division and influence of Britain and France in the region of Egypt and the Levant.

Since the first centuries of Islam, the Sunnis of Iran, especially their thinkers, have loved the Prophet’s Ahl Al-Bayt, mentioned their virtues and dissociated from their enemies in their works and writings. Hakim Sana’i Ghaznavi is one of the most committed Sunni Iranian poets in the 6th century AH who has expressed his love and devotion to the Prophet’s Ahl Al-Bayt and Shia Imams in his works. The attention and dedication of some of Sana'i’s poems to expressing the virtues of Imam Hassan Mojtaba, the involvement of Mu'awiyah in his martyrdom, and expressing disgust at the Umayyad dynasty indicate the necessity and importance of this research. Using the descriptive-analytical method, this paper explains Sana'i's views on some of the ethical virtues and the secret of the martyrdom of Imam Hassan. The love and dedication of Sanai to Imam Hassan and the involvement of Mu'awiyah in his martyrdom are among the beliefs that are revealed in the works of this philosopher and poet.