Journal of Pathobiology Reaearch
Volume:20 Issue: 2, 2017

Synthetic biomaterials are currently used as bone graft substitutes to treat bone disorders. Based on biomechanical properties, these biomaterials are selected to engineer bioactive and bioresorbable scaffolds that increase tissue ingrowth. These porous scaffolds play an important role in new bone formation and vascularization with the ability to incorporate genes, drugs, growth factors, and stem cells. This review focuses on recent advances on bioactive glass materials for bone regeneration. Despite inherent brittleness, bioactive glasses have many promising characteristics for bone engineering scaffolds. Compared to silicate bioactive glasses, borate and borosilicate have the ability to enhance new bone formation .These materials have controllable degradation rates that closely match new bone formation. Interestingly, bioactive glasses can be doped with elements such as Cu, Zn, and Sr, which are advantageous for healthy bone growth. Although bioactive glasses have been examined in detail for bone repair, few investigations have been performed on their applications for repair of soft tissues. A recent work has shown bioactive glass has the ability to promote angiogenesis for healing of soft tissue wounds.
In this review, we highlight current advances in the use of bioactive glass materials and their conversion into scaffolds with the essential anatomical shape. Methods used to manipulate the materials’ structures in bone tissue engineering applications and growth factors involved in bone regeneration will be briefly discussed.

Despite significant advances in radiation therapy and cancer treatments in the past 30 years, resistance to chemotherapy is a major obstacle in the recovery of patients with cancer. Resistance to chemotherapy drugs inhibits the recovery process. This study aims to evaluate the anticancer activity of the methanolic extract of rosemary alone and in conjunction with gamma rays on growth inhibition of MCF-7,SKBR3 and Huo2 cell lines.
We examined cytotoxicity of different concentrations (1, 5, 10, 50, 100, 500 μg/ml) of rosemary extract and various doses of gamma rays (1.5, 3, and 7.5 Gy) on MCF-7, SKBR3, and fibroblast (HU02) cell lines. All three cell lines were obtained from the Iranian Biological and Genetics Reserve Center. The cell lines were grown in DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS, 1% penicillin and streptomycin. The cells were allowed to incubate at 37ºC in an atmosphere that contained 5% CO2 and 100% humidity. The standard MTT assay was performed to estimate cell viability after treatment with gamma rays and rosemary extract.
The results of the MTT assay showed that rosemary extract had time- and concentration-dependent anticancer activities on the MCF-7 and SKBR3 cell lines (p Our results, along with results from other studies, have suggested that rosemary extract is a potential candidate, either alone at pre-determined doses or in combination with gamma rays, for the treatment of chemotherapy resistant breast cancer.

Diabetes is known to accelerate endothelial cell dysfunction. Meanwhile, an adequate physical activity is recommended as a nonpharmacological treatment. Hence, the aim of the present study is to evaluate the effect of two different time periods of regular swimming exercise on serum levels of NO, VEGF, and TGF-β1 in diabetic male rats.
We randomly divided 28 male Wistar rats into 4 groups of 7 rats per group - control, diabet, diabet-train 30, and diabet-train 60. Diabetes was induced using alloxan (90 mg/kg, intraperitoneal injection) in rats. The animals performed swimming training for 30 and 60 min for 5 weekly sessions, for a total of 8 weeks. The rats were killed 72 h after the last training session and was measured the levels of glucose, insulin, NO, VEGF, and TGF-β1. One-way ANOVA was used for statistical analysis (p≤0.05).
Diabetes increased the levels of glucose, insulin and TGF-β1, whereas it significantly reduced NO and VEGF levels. After 8 weeks, 30 min- swimming training, causing reverse of health changes compared to diabetes (p0.05). But there were significant differences in the levels of glucose, NO, and TGF-β1 between the two groups that trained for 30 and 60 min.
It seems swimming training with enough time, which is sought for diabetic patients, can lead to a protective effect against cardiovascular disease by impacting the endothelial function factors in these patients.

Tissue engineering, as an interdisciplinary field, assists cell therapy by using scaffolds, cells, and growth factors since 30 years ago. Cells isolated from the body should be supported by a scaffold which could mimic the function and structure of natural extracellular matrix (ECM). To accomplish this goal, we have fabricated and characterized synthetic wet electrospun poly(lactic) acid (PLA) scaffolds.
ThePLA polymer was used at various concentrations (10%, 13%, 15%, 17%, 20% w/v) with a novel architecture produced by a wet-electrospinning process for tissue engineering applications. In the wet electrospinning method, we used an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as the coagulation bath. Then, we characterized the biocompatibility and morphology of these scaffolds by the MTT assay and SEM, respectively.
The data collected from the characterization of scaffolds and in vitro human Wharton’s jelly-derived stem cells/scaffold culture showed that the 15% w/v of PLA with high porosity was the best polymer concentration in terms of cell attachment and proliferation.
Electrospinning PLA at the 10% or 20% w/v concentrations was difficult. Additionally, they could not provide a favorable matrix for cell proliferation and attachment. However, the results have suggested that the novel nanofiber fabrication system would be very useful for the structure control of 3D nanofiber fabrics.

Pathological changes to endothelial cells of the vessel wall may lead to vascular stenosis. In this study, we investigate damages that appear following radiotherapy in two states, single fraction and fractionation irradiation, as an effective sign of cytoskeletal and nuclei structure of vascular wall endothelial cells.
We irradiated human vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) with a Cobalt-60 therapy machine at radiation doses of 0, 2, 4, and 8 Gy. We stained the skeletal structure of the membrane and nuclei within 24 h after irradiation. This cell line received fractionation radiation therapy at doses from 0 to 8 Gy, in sub-fractions of 2 Gy, after which we stained the cytoskeleton. Morphological parameters such as area and perimeter of the cells and nuclei were determined, and we evaluated the cell shape index (CSI) for cells from each group.
Increasing the irradiation dose from 0 to 8 Gy led to a significant decrease of CSI (approximately 56%) and a significant increase of nuclei shape index (approximately 85%; p After irradiation, we observed broken the membrane filaments that resulted in a new configuration, which led to increased cell and nuclei sizes along with alterations in the cell shape. Radiation therapy led to dose-dependent changes in morphological behavior response of the endothelial cells. Hence, it would be considered as a prognostic factor for behavior of healthy vascular cells in the process of radiotherapy.

Adenosine deaminase (ADA) is a polymorphic enzyme which has an important role in the modulation of insulin bioactivity. The ADA gene polymorphism seems to contribute to the degree of obesity. The aim of this study is to examine the role of ADA gene polymorphism in randomly selected obese subjects from Ardabil Province, Iran.
This case-control study included 170 obese subjects (BMI ≥30) and 200 healthy (BMI ≤30) subjects recruited from Ardabil province's cities. Before the study, these individuals provided approximately 5 ml of blood for molecular tests. We extracted DNA from the blood samples using a standard phenol chloroform procedure. The region that contained the ADA, 4223A/C polymorphism was genotyped by PCR and restriction fragment length polymorphism PCR-RFLP, and the collected data were analyzed using the X2 test.
The obese group had significantly increased allele A frequency compared with the control (p=0.034).
Our findings suggest a role for the ADA gene in the obesity. Larger studies of other populations are required to confirm these findings.