فصلنامه مشکوه
پیاپی 138 (بهار 1397)

The author, based on the verse 78 of Sūrat al-Ṣāffāt that God mentions the good name of the prophets, states the sense of benefaction in human nature and he knows it as the good works motive such as endowment of property and the establishment of charity institutions that its effects remain after death. Desire to preserve the good name and enjoy the reward of good deed, are conscientious reasons and inner reception on the survival of the soul after the death of the body because if human assumed himself nothing after death, he paid no attention to good or evil reputation while everybody wants to stay well-honed and praised after death and enjoy the rewards of their good deeds.

Synonymy is a common phenomenon among different languages. Linguists have had various opinions about it. Contemporary linguists have identified the lack of precise and comprehensive definition as the cause of this opinion and after expressing the definition of synonymy; they denied complete synonymy in the words’ domain.
The present article tries to examine the lexical meaning of some words and provide some contextual and context free proofs to verify complete synonymy in some verses.
The synonym system means that the various Qur'anic contexts developed words synonymy; therefore, it can be said that the Qur'an has enriched the Arabic language and coined synonymous words.

One of the important and controversial topics in the Qur'anic studies is the "divine companionship ".
By examining the contents of some Qur'anic verses, it is manifested that sometimes the meaning of God’s companionship is His dominion and scientific control over all of His creators, including human beings, which we refer to as "general companionship ". Sometimes it means God's special providence to individuals and groups of human beings, which is referred to as "special companionship ". Special companionship has two types: the wrath companionship and affection companionship, of which the latter is more emphasized in this article.
The prerequisites of having these companionships, first and foremost, are faith in God and then, piety, patience and practice beneficence. Of course, other issues such as obeying the commands of God and the Prophet and adhering to the divine covenant play a role in this regard, which can be considered as important examples of piety.

Many verses of the Holy Qur'an have mentioned the phrase "Those who follow My guidance shall have no fear, nor shall they grieve" and consider lack of the fear and grief as their privileges. On the other hand, there are verses that have counted the believers’ fear and grief, and even inform its existence in the prophets. Therefore, it is necessary to examine these two traits in the state of negation and affirmation, as well as their difference. The present study, by dividing the fear and grief into worldly and otherworldly, regards the negation of this phrase as a worldly fear and grief, and that which is praised by God, as otherworldly form. However, according to the verses, some prophets were involved in fear and grief in the world, but they are immediately subjected to divine help and their fear and grief have been resolved. As a result, Saints remain immune from worldly fear and grief by the grace of God.

Undoubtedly, discipline is the core of principles of ethics. Speech discipline means speech ordering and organizing, fluency in language, observance of limits, and the achievement of a human high position in speech, which plays the most important role in human life. The Almighty God, as the creator of human being, and the only one who is aware of all aspects of him, expresses the commandments in the Qur'an in order to arrange the speech, and specifies the limits to which human beings achieve a comprehensive order in speech that brings him blessing in the world and Hereafter. This article aims at outlining the main characteristics of speech discipline in terms of its affirmative and privative features.

The coffers and burial chambers are recognized as a symbol of the great clergymen and notables in Muslims’ culture, which in most cases have been assumed sacred. This has caused them to be scarcely studied from historical and artistic point of view. Although the constituent parts of these symbols are well known and there is a specific procedure in their construction, at some points, other objects have been added to coffers and burial chambers, which did not belong to the main part. The purpose of this research is to identify, introduce and analyze these objects and equipment in the coffers and burial chambers of the Raḍawī Holy Shrine. In this writing, in an analytical descriptive manner and based on library and archival sources, features of the precious objects attached to the coffers and burial chambers of Imam Riḍā’s (A.S.) mausoleum as well as information about the benefactors, founders, donors, manufacturer and artists of these works presented. The most important findings of this research show that the oldest exquisite objects installed to the coffers dates back to the seventh century AH and the oldest objects attached to the holy burial chambers dates back to 12th century AH. The most frequent objects which were permanently attached to the coffers are different types of domes and the most diverse objects on steel burial chamber were installed during the reign of Safavid Shah Sultan Hussein.

Imam Riḍā's (A.S.) Holy Shrine is one of the most important religious places for Muslims, especially the Shi’ites, which benefactors have always pay attention to it. So that endowment has played a significant role in meeting the needs of the Holy Shrine and affiliated places in various historical periods, especially from Safavid period. Carpets, along with other functional accessories, such as lighting fixtures, are significant parts of Shrine's endowments. Studies show that many researches have been carried out in various aspects in the field of recognition and introduction of the endowments of the Imam Riḍā’s (A.S.) holy shrine, but not dedicated to the carpet endowment. Accordingly, in this study, the historical background of carpet endowment for the Holy Shrine of Imam Riḍā (A.S.), as well as different types of carpets endowment and all kinds of endowed carpets has been studied to determine the status of endowment in providing the Shrine carpets from Safavid to the late Qajar. This article is a historical research based on library, documentary and field studies.