فهرست مطالب

فقه و حقوق خانواده - پیاپی 32 (زمستان 1382)

نشریه فقه و حقوق خانواده
پیاپی 32 (زمستان 1382)

  • ویژه همایش سراسری حقوق اطفال
  • 168 صفحه، بهای روی جلد: 4,000ريال
  • تاریخ انتشار: 1382/11/15
  • تعداد عناوین: 8
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  • کودکان در آینه مهر و فقر
    فائزه عظیم زاده اردبیلی صفحه 5
  • دعوی قتل فرزند توسط پدر در سیاست جنایی مشارکتی
    طوبی شاکی گلپایگانی صفحه 9
    دعوی خصوصی از کاربست ها و وسایل تحقق سیاست جنایی مشارکتی جهت مداخله شهروندان - بزه دیده و بزه کار - در پاسخ به بزه است که در ملاحظه ای دو سویه نظام کیفری را به سوی نمادین شدن سوق می دهد و از طرفی آرمان های مربوط به عدالت ترمیمی را در زمینه محدود کردن قلمرو مداخله نظام کیفری و تبدیل متغیرها به سوی متغیرهای مدنی و جبرانی فراهم می آورد. در سنت حقوق جزا، دعوی عمومی دخالت مستقیم دولت است در پاسخ به پدیده مجرمانه در مواقعی که مصالح عامه و منافع و حقوق اجتماع در اثر ارتکاب جرم آسیب دیده و نظم عمومی دجار اختلال شده است؛ اما در سیاست جنایی شرعی، علاوه بر آن در مواقعی که حقوق شهروندان - بزه دیده و بزه کار - به دلیل موقعیت نا برابر آنان در برابر یکدیگر در معرض آسیب و جبران جدی است.
    کلیدواژگان: سیاست جنایی مشارکتی، مصالح عامه، مقاصد شریعت، دعوی عمومی، دعوی خصوصی، تعزیرات، عدالت کیفری، عدالت ترمیمی
  • جنگ و حقوق کودکان آواره و بی سرپرست
    منوچهر توسلی نایینی صفحه 37
    وجود مخاصمات مسلحانه در جوامع بشری، کودکان را که آسیب پذیرتر از دیگران می باشند، تحت تاثیر قرار داده با ایجاد شرایط مبهم زندگی رشد فیزیکی، روحی و روانی آنها را بشدت دگرگون می سازد، کودکان آواره بطور غیر مستقیم تحت تاثیر جنگ قرار می گیرند و همانند والدین خود برای رهای از مشکلات جنگ، یا در کشور محل تولد خود جا به جا می شوند، یا به کشورهای دیگر پناه می برند. این کودکان در هر صورت باید مورد حمایت قرار گیرند. کودکان آواره ر سایر کشورها نسبت به کودکان جابه جا شده در کشور متبوع خودشان، بعضا از حمایت های بشر دوستانه بیشتری برخوردارند.
    کلیدواژگان: کودک، حقوق کودک، جنگ، کودک آواره، کودک بی سرپرست، سازمان ملل
  • نظریه جبران خسارت به حقوق معنوی کودکان
    سید ابوالقاسم نقیبی صفحه 58
    عدم رشد بدنی، عقلی و روانی کودک، ضریب آسیب پذیری او را بسیار بالا می برد. بدین جهت در تعالیم ادیان الهی، مکتب های تربیتی، نظام های حقوقی، حقوق بین الملل و قوانین کشورها برای مصونیت کودک از آسیب ها، و جبران خسارتهای مادی، عاطفی و اخلاقی او، روش های حمایتی خاصی پیش بینی شده است. حمایت از حقوق مادی و معنوی کودک نیازمند شناسایی مصادیق آن می باشد. حقوق معنوی کودک به حقوقی گفته می شود که به نحوی با هویت و شکل گیری شخصیت عاطفی، عقلانی و فکری او مرتبط می باشد؛ حق تابعیت، حق نسب و حق این حقوق در مجموعه تعالیم تربیتی و حقوقی اسلام، تجاوز و تخلف از حقوق معنوی کودک را منشا مسؤولیت دنیوی و اخروی، مدنی و کیفری دانسته است.
    کلیدواژگان: حقوق کودک، حقوق معنوی، مسؤولیت اخلاقی، مسؤولیت مدنی، مسؤولیت کیفری، جبران خسارت
  • مسؤولیت کیفری اطفال در مکاتب مختلف
    لیلا نعیمی صفحه 80
    آمارها نشان می دهد که گروه سنی 15 تا 24 سال بیش از دیگران دچار بزهکاری و انحراف می شوند و از آنجا که درصد عمده ای از جمعیت کشور ما را کودکان و نوجوانان تشکیل می دهند، لازم است این مهم توسط پژوهشگران مورد بررسی قرار گیرد. یکی از مهمترین مباحثی که در مجازات کودکان بزهکار مطرح می شود، مبحث بلوغ است. بلوغ پایان کودکی و آغاز یک مرحله جدید در زندگی انسان است. لذا ضرورت دارد که مفهوم و مشخصات آن مورد بررسی قرار گیرد تا معیار درستی برای شناخت کودکان و تفکیک آن از بزرگسالان به دست آید.
    کلیدواژگان: اطفال، مسؤولیت، مؤولیت کیفری اطفال، بلوغ، مکاتب حقوقی جزا
  • حمایت از اطفال در برابر بهره کشی های اقتصادی و جنسی
    امیر ایروانیان صفحه 112
    حذف تدریجی پدیده شوم و غیر انسانی کار کودک و جلوگیری از استثمار اقتصادی و جنسی اطفال مستلزم تدوین استراتژی کوتاه مدت، میان مدت و بلند مدت فرهنگی، اقتصادی و اجتماعی در دو سطح بین المللی و ملی است. بدون تدوین چنین برنامه ای هر گونه تلاش در جهت زدودن آثار غیر انسانی این پدیده شوم از سطح جهان بی فایده و عقیم خواهد بود. زیرا تجربه ثابت کرده است که پدیده های اجتماعی پدیده هایی چند وجهی هستند و تنها با تکیه بر ابعاد حقوقی و ایجاد ممنوعیت های قانونی بدون توجه به ابعاد اقتصادی و فرهنگی نمی توان با این گونه نابهنجاری ها دست به مبارزه ای جدی و فراگیر زد.
    کلیدواژگان: کودک، کار کودک، حمایت از طفل، استثمار اقتصادی، بهره کشی جنسی
  • چکیده مقالات به عربی
    زینه عرفت پور صفحه 152
  • چکیده مقالات به انگلیسی
    سمیه عبدالهیان صفحه 4
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  • A Claim of Juvenile Homicide Committed by the Father in View of Corporative Criminal Policy
    Touba Shakeri Golpayegani Page 9
    A private claim is a means of the realization of corporative criminal policy so as to involve citizens -both victims and offenders- in a reaction to crime. Considering bilaterally, it grants the policy perfection as well as it establishes the ideals of the restorative justice by way of restricting the interference of the penal system and by changing the relevant factors into civil ones. In traditional criminal law a public prosecutor’s claim implies direct interference by the state in a reaction to a criminal action in cases where the public interest and common rights as well as the public order are violated as a consequence of a criminal act. In contrast to this, what the criminal policy, based on Islamic jurisprudence, takes additionally into consideration is the rights of citizens -those of both victims and offenders- that are threatened by the fact that the citizens’ rights are unequal due to their unequal positions vis-à-vis each other. In confirming the citizen’s corporative rights, the state holds the right to claim and penal reaction to crime by way of converting private claims on to public ones. This is because the citizens’ unequal positions annuls the core concept of corporation, which is the satisfaction of the mind, when it is applied as a reaction to crime, and can consequently pave the way for uncompensatable harm and increasing violation of the individual’s rights and freedoms. A claim of a juvenile homicide committed by the father is an example of such claims where the position of the child is naturally, customarily and characteristically unequal with that of the father and where the state controls the function of active corporation of citizens by putting itself into focus in treating the claim.
  • War and the Rights of Homeless and Guardianless Children
    Dr. Manouchehr Tavasoli Naini Page 37
    Today’s children are the future men and women of their countries. Consequently, the physical and psychological safety, nutritional, hygienic and educational needs of children must be fulfilled in order to prevent problems in the future. Armed hostilities influence children, who are more vulnerable than others. Difficult living conditions disturb their physical and psychological growth.Homeless children are a cohort of children who are influenced indirectly by wars. In times of war children along with their parents usually either move across their native country or seek asylum in other countries to escape from the hardships of war. These children have to be protected by any means. Worth pointing out is the fact that homeless children generally incur more protection than the children of families that move inside their countries. An international organization called the High Commissary of Refugees affiliated to the United Nations follows up the refugees’ affairs. As a consequence, homeless children are given more humanitarian protection.Children who lack guardians are another cohort of war-stricken children who are in need of special protection. What a child’s physical and psychological growth require is that, in addition to proper nutrition and hygiene, each child needs as a principle to have parents who guarantee the child’s security in life. However, armed hostilities often make children homeless.One of the fundamental duties of governments during armed hostilities and after their end is to protect war-stricken children in accordance with the prevalent international laws in order to prevent future problems. For this reason children must be given priority in crises and emergencies, and the protection of their rights with respect to their physical and psychological security, proper schooling, training, nutrition and hygiene must be given priority.For this reason the international common law of the past years and the international codified law in the framework of international treaties, especially the Convention on the Rights of the Child, put emphasis on these rights, especially the right to protection. On the whole, the best way of protecting children’s rights is to prevent the occurrence of hostilities. Nevertheless, in case hostilities arise, children’s rights, especially those of homeless and guardianless children, must be guaranteed by all means, and any violation of the duty will entail accountability.
  • The Theory of Compensating for Nonphysieal Detriment Inflected upon Children
    Dr. Seyyed Abolghasem Naghibi Page 58
    Having not sufficiently developed in their physique intellect and mind, children are in need of special care and protection. Religious teachings, legal systems and pedagogical schools have forseen provided for such protection within the recognition of their material and intelleetual Rights. The rights to identify and education, which have been recognized are amonpst their intellectual rights. To forblid the violation and transgression of those rights, to indemnify the lesses included and to punish the transgressors are amongst the most rewarding accomplishments of the paid Rights having been recognized. By involving the principle of «There Being No loss and noinjury in Islam» from the Islamic law, and by drawing influences from the care of the interpretation placed on the Sayings and Traditions of the Prophet and Imams on pedagogy. One could substantiate civil liability for those who violate on transgress childrens intellectual rights. Also, by invoking the basic rule that «Everybody who opposes severely offends Islamic Rules (sharia) shall be subject to discretionary of corporal punishment», the penal liability may be subistantiated fot such transgressing indivduals. Obviously, it would be possible to sentence them to the payment of Pecuniary Penalty – once we have accepted the theory of «Pecuniary Penalty». I have in this writing set forth- as a comparative study – the standpoints of convention of the children s rights «Islamic law» and the laws of certain countries in favour of children.
  • Children's Criminal Liability according to Various Schools of Thought
    Leila Naimi Page 80
    Statistics reveal that the age groups from 15 to 24 are more susceptible to juvenile delinquency and deviation than other age groups. Since the main percentage of the population in our country is composed of children and adolescents, it is vitally important that researchers study the phenomenon. One of the most important issues related to the punishment of juvenile delinquents is puberty. It marks the end of childhood and the beginning of a new phase in human life. Therefore, it is necessary to examine its meaning and characteristic features in order to obtain a proper criterion on which to recognize the child and to discern them from adults.The present article provides the lexical, jurisprudential and legal meanings of puberty and presents discretion as the basis of criminal liability, and maturity as another yardstick enabling a person to distinguish between good and evil, ugly and pretty, virtue and indecency.One of the most fundamental meanings of the science of law, especially criminal law, is the matter of liability. Liability is like a bridge between a crime and its penalty. In this perspective the author’s task is to define criminal liability scientifically. Since the eighteenth century is a starting point of the history of different scientific upheavals, such as the criminal law, the article gives an account of scientists’ views on children’s criminal liability.Following the victory of the Islamic Revolution the law on juvenile delinquency and the criminal liability changed. Some fundamental items about children’s criminal liability in the criminal law are put to scrutiny:1. The age of puberty and the age of capability of accepting legal undertakings and responsibilities have totally changed2. The lack of children’s liability has become commonly accepted as a principle3. They are recognized as liable in exceptional cases and on the ground of rational reasons and common habits. Moreover, an elderly of the family takes the liability for the compensation of a child’s crime in special circumstances.
  • The Protection of Children from Economic and Sexual Exploitation
    Amir Iravanian Page 112
    T he gradual elimination of exploitative and inhumane child labor and the prevention of economic and sexual exploitation of children require a long-term cultural and economic strategy at both national and international levels. Any attempts at eradicating the roots of this phenomenon from the world will be futile without such a plan. Social phenomena are multifaceted. Therefore, in bringing about legal prohibitions one cannot combat these kinds of anomalies firmly and extensively without paying attention to other aspects, such as economic and cultural,. In order to launch a real and purposeful campaign against the exploitation of children, we need to have access to reliable statistics on exploited and endangered children, on the basis of which an extensive, long-term plan can be prepared. It is also necessary that all the current financial and cultural fascilities be organized under the control of a single system by way of eliminating the parallel authorities and subsystems. Similarly, in supporting NGO’s activities, contributions and help from the public should be called for. Any measures and campaigns against the exploitation of children will be doomed to fail without an efficient plan.