نشریه نثر پژوهی ادب فارسی
سال بیست و یکم شماره 44 (پاییز و زمستان 1397)

Abstract The extent and complexity of tribunals and court structures during the semi-autonomous states of Samanid, Ghaznavi, and Seljuk in post-Islamic Iran has had a great influence on the evolution of the secular prose prose; With the expansion in bars and courts, especially the Divan of the mission, the importance and position of teachers was added; As a result of the increased prestige of secretaries and secretaries, prose and mediator prose also found a special place. It seems that simple and prose prose has become an artifact and prose prose in the past, with the expansion of courts and courts, and this relationship has been affected by important causes such as political, socio-cultural and psychological factors. Each of these factors has been effective in some way in the perfection of the prose of the scribes and secretaries. In this article, in addition to getting acquainted with the teachers, the evolution of the style of prose prose and also its relationship with development And the expansion of the court and court.

Written narrations” are folk long stories that in narrative convention had been changed from oral form to written form by maintaining some folk language features. Narrative convention is an enduring tradition in great Persia that consistently provided needful resources for creating valuable literary works. The long stories that have entered from oral literary realms to written literary realms, have special content and structure, historical and cultural features and they have an individual identity. This individual identity encourages us to put this long story as a particular literary genre. Knowledge of literary genre prepares domains for researchers to study literary works in a methodical frameworks. Formerly, some researchers have put written narration in “Romance”, “Prose epics”, “Heroic novels” and “Legend” genres. In this essay we are trying to introduce written narration as a literary genre with individual feathers. In this way we are using three inside text variable “content, form/structure, aspect” and four outside text variable “function, context, addressee, intertextuality”

Zad-e Akherat is one of the Persian work of Abu Hamed Mohammad Ghazzali (death: 505 A.H.) and it is the translation of his other book named Bedayat-al Hedayat (which some theological chapters is added to it). This work is the abstract of some parts of Kimiya-ye Saadat and published in India in 1268 H. and 1276 H. in lithographic method. Morad Orang has edited and published Zad-e Akherat based on undated and erroneous manuscript (number 5552) which belongs to library of Islamic Iranian Parliment. This edition is not a critical and scientific edition because of two reasons: "unspecified and vague editing method" and "invalid manuscript". This essay introduces this work and Orang`s edition and its obvious mistakes and deficits. This article also notes that the re-editing of this work is necessary and inevitable due to importance of Zad-e Akherat`s author (Abu Hamed Ghazzali) and finding new and ancient manuscripts of it.

Roman Jakobson (1982-1896), The Russian linguist and theorist, accepting the view of Saussure (1857-1913) on two axes of succession and affiliation, divides the language into two metaphorical and figurative poles, believing that the metaphorical pole is for poetry and based on the resemblance in the succession axis, the figurative pole is for prose based on the proximity relation in the affiliation axis. Based on this view in the history of Beihaghi, that the figurative pole has special importance in language, among the different functions of language, allusion is of particular importance as a stylistic property belonging to the figurative pole of the language. By interfering in the syntactic structure of the sentences, which is often in the synchronic axis of the language, Beihaghi has made the greatest use of the allusion for visualization and objectification of mental concepts. The allusions of Beihaghi's history can be divided into two linguistic and literary groups, most of them in their original sense are objective, and in the sense of what they mean, they are capable of realizing in the external reality, and this has a lot of consistency and harmony with what Jakobson says that the figurative pole of the language is the prominent features of the prose especially the realist literature.

The present research paper investigates and analyzes the methods by which Rouzbehan was impressed by the Holy Quran’s verses and hadiths and tries elaborating his interpretational approach in Mashrab Al-Arwah. In Mashrab Al-Arwah, also known as one thousand and one ranks, Rouzbehan Baqli, meanwhile elucidating the basics of wayfaring, offers a coherent plan about theosophical and gnostic ranks. Each of these ranks has been constructed and dealt with based on Quranic interpretations. Deviation and non-conventionalism are seen in the proposition of the gnostic ranks in this work in such a way that he breaks the usual and normal frameworks of wayfaring. Rouzbehan’s method of enjoying the holy Quran’s verses and hadiths, as well, is accompanies by many innovations in this work and the present study deals with an investigation of them. The results of this examination show that Rouzbehan’s attitudes towards the rendering of the verses and hadiths based on a verbal and semantic excerption leads to the construction of new phrasal forms in Islamic Gnosticism. Moreover, negligence of the accompanying and situational context sets the ground for a sort of context variegation and offering of demonstrative interpretation of the holy Quran’s verses. Another notable characteristic of Rouzbehan’s excerptions is the verbal proportion and homophony in presenting the gnostic ranks that are predominantly found appeared in the subconscious process of experiencing the language.

The “Qesasol khaghani”(Stories of Khaghani) contains the brief history of Safavid till the end of king Abbas the second, especially it speaks in detail about conquering Kandehar and resisting after, against Shah Jahan Gurkani’s army. This book also describes the biography of some scholars and scientists and includes many political orders and correspondences. This study tries to examine the written style through an explanatory-analytical method and achieve evaluation in critical stylistic by three levels: Linguistic, literary, intellectual. At the level of linguistic , the usage of prefix verbs , compound verbs, post continuous tense and at the level of literary, the usage of frequent adjective, genitive, rhyme are mostly observed. At the level of the intellectual, there are specific attention on important historical events, the rules of kings’ courts and the personal thoughts of Vali Gholi Beik. Also we can see this person by his talent and siding Shah Abbas the second is trying to achieve glory and privilege

Critical discourse analysis is a way for text analysis and Norman Fairclough has presented the most comprehensive approach in this field that discovers the relationship between the text and the context in three layers: description, interpretation and explanation. Expanding the new methods of the text analysis, makes necessary to analysis the ancient texts by these methods. Although the mystical texts often have written by the personal (and inner) motivations and apart from the politics and the society, they have not been protected from the society's effects and their dominant discourses are influenced by the social conditions. Fifth century is one of the important periods of the mysticism and “Qushayri Risala” is one of the prominent texts of this period, which has been written by Abū al-Qāsim al-Qushayrī for explaining the principles and ideas of Sufism because, it had been appeared some deviancies in mysticism. In this essay, it is analyzed according to the Fairclough’s theory the last part of this book which contains some orders to the disciples. The results shows that Qushayri's ideology has been discovered along his way of using the words and the phrases. The dominant discourses of this part are obeisance to the Sufism, ascetic and surrendering the disciples to the Sufis. These discourses in addition to the representing the social, political and cultural conditions, make it easy to reproduce the new conditions and to improve the existing conditions.

The admirable book “Nafsat ol-Masdour” isone of the most important and authoritative books in the realm of literature and history. Despite the praiseworthy efforts of Professor Amir Hassan Yazdgerdi to correct and describe this book, the extremely difficult and artistic text of the book has led some of the content remains obscure and/or some of the explanations soundsto be not correct.This difficult text has always been discussed in various ways. In this paper, the author has been focused on some of these ambiguities and errors to uncover some of the difficulties and complexities of this seminal work. To this end, in the preface, a brief introduction of Nafsat ol-Masdour was given, as well as the goals and background of the research. Thenthe discussed issues have been immediately addressed and an attempt was to analyze and explain them.The goal is to make the enthusiasts of this important book safer and smoother than this book.

Satire and humor are forms of lyric literature that have always drawn attention from official authors and poets. As satire in valuation of official art tries to follow serious objective in the form of laughter and mockery and its horizons and territories in social affairs are quite wide, its role is also considerable in the folklore and especially in folk legends. Satire in the legends, similar to other texts, is a form of criticism of life issues and is a serious speech in the form of humor, which can criticize all political, economic, cultural and social arenas. By a content analysis approach of qualitative and induction type, this study tries to analyze satire and humor methods from Iranian Legends and Fairy Tales Encyclopedia by ‘Ali Ashraf Darvishiyan and Reza Khandan. Among the objectives of this research is to show satire methods in two fields of content and language. Based on the research results, satire techniques in folk legends include stupidity, obscurity, inconsistency and incompatibility of components and position, personification, humorous name, humorous title and other techniques. Among the various applications of satire in the folklore legends could be referred to entertainment, criticism, correction and promotion of ethical and educational values. Many of the mentioned techniques in folklore legends include sexual and taboo issues, since, unlike official culture, the folklore culture contains lesser censorship and also, releasing internal tensions is one of the applications of folklore satire.