فصلنامه مطالعات مدیریت (بهبود و تحول)
پیاپی 27-28 (پاییز و زمستان 1379)

In light of changing national and  international conditions, the  field of public administration is  going through an  exercise of refounding and reinventing. Globalization, technological advancements and ecological  concerns have diluted the importance of development administration. This study traces  the demise of development administration and presents a new paradigm in the form of sustainable  development  administration (SDA). The author argues that the paradigm of SDA is markedly different from the  traditional paradigm of development  administration (DA) in its emphasis, scope, treatment of politics, view of indigenous _cultures, goals, operating mode,  decision  making system,  use  of foreign  aid  and  performance accountability. The  study  concludes by declaring  that  SDA has the potential  to emerge  as a New field of study  in  public administration.

To  improve organization performance, a variety of techniques and procedures are applied. With respect to  problem nature and  organization activities,  its size, human  and financial  resources and so on, the application  of such  techniques  is different. In  this  article, relationship between reengineering  and information Technology  and their  impact on organization Quality activity and performance will be evaluated. Reengineering  methodology and  the way it  is implemented regarding  different  organization activities will  be analyzed as well.

Whatever  the  activities  of a  community  or  business,  they  each communicate something about the community or business to consumers. Consumers receive this information through many different sources, or channels. These channels combine to form information systems, which are always functioning, regardless of whether you are managing them or not. If you represent a  community or business,  it  is extremely important  to know how to  manage information  systems  to make them work  for you. This article identifies the opportunities and needs of a  tourism information and reservation system for tourism marketing organization and national tourism  industry as a whole.
In general, an information  system consists of all  the ways that people communicate with others.  Systems are composed  of information channels. These channels  may be formal or informal,  personal  or impersonal, and public or private. Different people, businesses, and communities use information channels in different  ways  and combinations.
A tourism information system  is a specific type of information system. It consists of all information channels used in a  business or community to promote itself as a tourism attraction. These information channels include commercials,  ads, brochures,  repeat visitors.  employees,  friends,  and relatives.
Information  and Communications  Technologies  are  having a  big impact on all  aspects  of  tourism.  Introducing  and  using  advanced  Management

 

 
Information Systems to transportation, travel, hospitality and entertainment will  bring many  benefits and changes to  the  tourism industry. In particular, the  Internet,  is  playing  an  increasingly significant role in  travel  and  tourism.
It  has  also been discussed that  there are  three characteristics  that  all
 
effective  tourism information  systems  have: 
1) Each channel the system has its own function. Travelers use different channels to  get  different kinds  of  information.  An  example  is deciding  where to  go  on  vacation. A  person may consult  a  friend  or family  member for that decision, but in deciding what to do when he/she gets there,  the  person may talk with  a repeat visitor or employee at the  destination site.
2) All  the  information  channels used  in the  system  relate  to each  other.  A
 
tourism information  system is  like  a novel  because  it  has many different  parts tied  together by the theme.  Even  though a system's channels serve different functions  in providing information, they  are  all  tied  together by the  projected message.
3) All  channels  used in  the  system  are  interdependent.  A  tourism
 
information  system  functions like  a puzzle.  The  different  pieces  of the system, the channels, are used to communicate with tourists. If any of the puzzle pieces are missing, the puzzle's picture is incomplete.  If one or more of the channels used is not dispersing information effectively, or if the information dispersed does not relate to  the  rest of the system,  then the system will not effectively  communicate  its whole  message.  If one or more of these characteristics  are missing from  a tourism  information  system, then its message  will be  inconsistent and  ineffective.

In This Article,  the concepts  of models and two important  type of Modeling are defined. In order to  illustrate the problem of different attitudes in computer  Simulation,  an apparently  simple  phenomena  is introduced. Implementation of two computer simulation models  based  on different attitudes towards the phenomena leads  us to different  numeric  results.Finally, the cause  and significance  of the difference  has been discussed.

t present  complex conditions,  systems  of  education  and  particular  system of higher education gradually find  that they will not be able to  response their increasing leadership responsibilities without using effective management, because by appearing significance of higher education in the society, people are sensitive toward its relative problems day to day. There lore performance method of universities exposed to a question. and old leadership styles are
doubted.
 
In this paper it  has  been tried  to explain  a dominant space al  universities and define and appropriate leadership style tor them. So after doing a short explanation about  nature and role of higher education, its decision  making methods, dimensions of university management and general points about its effective lead ship a red is cussed. By bringing up negative effect of exercising power.  it  has been  recommended that managers  must  not  perceive  the university as a bureaucratic organization, because professors and conversant with  science  u111   not  be  creative  in  such  sphere.  Also a advantages  of participation  and development  of participative  culture  has been discussed.