مجله روانپزشکی و روانشناسی بالینی ایران
سال بیست و یکم شماره 2 (پیاپی 81، تابستان 1394)

The aim of the present study was comparison between the efficacy of Transdiagnostic Therapy Based on Repetitive Negative Thoughts (TTRNT) with Unified Transdiagnostic (UT) therapy in treatment of patients with co-occurrence anxiety and depressive disorders.
In the present study, 45 patients with at least one principle diagnosis and one co-principle in the field of anxiety and depressive disorders randomly assigned to three groups of TTRNT, UT as well as waiting list group. Two treatment groups received correspondent treatments. For data collection, the participants completed the Beck Depression Inventory-second edition (BDI-II), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS) and the Work and Social Adjustment Scale (WSAS) during the three stages of pre-test, post-test and a period of six-month follow-up. The data of the study were analyzed through analysis variance with mixed repeated measures, post-hoc main effect, and clinical significance changes criteria.
The results of the present study demonstrated that both treatments in comparison with waiting list decreased the symptoms of the patients with co-occurrence anxiety and depressive disorders (p0.05). Also, the UT has better function in increasing the positive affect (p The transdiagnostic therapy based on repetitive negative thoughts is more effective than unified transdiagnostic therapy in improving the symptoms of the patients with the co-occurrence anxiety and depressive disorders.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of metacognitive group therapy and the group training of the life skills on depression, quality of life, the style of ruminative responding, and meta-cognitive believes of the divorced women.
In this quasi-experimental study with uni-variable pre-test post-test design, 24 divorced women who referred for treatment of depression were randomly assigned to one of the two therapeutic groups (meta-cognitive therapy and life skills training). The patients of the metacognitive group therapy received 8 sessions of treatment and also patients in the group of life skills received the 8 sessions of educational program for life skills. Data were gathered in two stages of pre-treatment and post-treatment by using of Beck Depression Inventory-2nd edition (BDI-II), Metacognitive Questionnaires-30 (MCQ-30), Ruminative Responses Scale (RRS), and World Health Organization Quality of Life-short form (WHOQOL-BREF). Two questionnaires of The Clinical Global Impressions Index (CGI) and Clinical Satisfaction Questionnaire (CSQ) were completed by the participants at the end of interventions.
Data showed that meta-cognitive group therapy significantly improved positive beliefs about worry (p=0.03), general clinical improvement (p=0.01) and impression index (p=0.003), and also clinical satisfaction (p=0.04). Yet, there was not any meaningful difference between two groups in the other variables.
Metacognitive group therapy improved the positive beliefs about worry, general clinical improvement, and clinical satisfaction in divorced women.

The present study has been performed with the aim of designing and evaluating the psychometric properties of Autism Spectrum Disorders Diagnosis Scale (ASDDS).
This study is an instrumental and validity evaluation. The statistical community of the research consisted of all children with autism spectrum who live in Isfahan. Among them, 100 patients were selected by method of convenient sampling, and also their mothers or trainers were asked for responding the scales of study. The tools of data gathering included demographic information and a researcher-made scale named Autism Spectrum Disorder Diagnosis Scale (ASDDS) according to reversion of DSM-5. Also, Giliam Autism Rating Scale (GARS) and Children Autism Rating Scale (CARS) were used for evaluating the concurrent validity.
The results of the psychometrics of the scale indicated appropriate content, convergent and diagnostic validity, and internal consistency as well as the scale stability over the time. The correlation coefficient between sub-scales showed very high correlation between the sub-scales. The results obtained from the confirmatory factorial analysis indicated that the DSM-5 model is appropriate for scale. In addition, the general reliability of the scale by using of Cronbach's alpha was 0.88.
the results demonstrated that Autism Spectrum Disorder Diagnosis Scale (ASDDS) is a suitable tool for diagnosing autism spectrum disorders based on DSM-5 in children and adolescents.

The aim of this study was to investigate validity, reliability and factorial structure of the Persian version of the Chronic Self-Destructiveness Scale (CSDS).
The method of translation- back translation was used for regulating the Persian version of the Chronic Self-Destructiveness Scale (CSDS). A total of 413 questionnaires (234 females and 179 males) were completed for CSDS factorial structure by the method of convenient sampling for different disciplines (technical, basic science and human science) in Tehran University. In order to estimate test-retest reliability, 28 female students have responded two times during two weeks and 26 male students have responded two times during five weeks to Chronic Self-Destructiveness Scale (CSDS),. Also, 55 female student and 45 male students were evaluated for convergent validity. In addition to Chronic Self-Destructiveness Scale (CSDS), Personal Feeling Questionnaire (PFQ), Levels of Self-Criticism Scale (LSCS) and Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) were used for gathering the information. Data analysis was performed by using of Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients and exploratory factorial analysis.
Factorial analyses showed four factors for male items (23 items): “inconsideration and lack of imitation”, “neglect”, “risk taking” and “stupefaction” and three factors for female items (19 items): “neglect and risk taking”, “irregularity”, and “lack of preservation and planning”. Four factors of male scale and three factors of female scale determined 50.5% and 45.4% of the total variance score, respectively. Cronbach Alpha coefficients were 0.849 and 0.845 for men and women, respectively. The Cronbach Alpha coefficients were 0.865-0.698 for men and 0.685-0.800 for women. The internal consistency of the scale was confirmed through calculating the Pearson correlation among score of factors together and also with total score and Spearman correlation coefficient between items of each factor. Convergent validity was verified by calculation of Pearson correlation coefficient between total score and the score of the factors of CSDS to scores of depression, the feel of shame and guilt, internalized self-criticism, and comparative self-criticism.
The results supported the validity, reliability and factorial structure of Persian version of CSDS for using in researches.

The present study has been performed by the aim of investigating the predictive role of the ego strength, the object relations and the defense styles on the mental health.
The community of the present study consisted of students of Tehran University of Medical Sciences and Iran University of Medical Sciences. Total of 700 subjects (including 280 males and 420 females) were selected as clustering multi stage methods and they completed the questionnaires of Barron's Ego Strength Inventory (ESS), Bell's Object Relation Inventory (BORI), Defense Style Questionnaire (DSQ-40) & General Health Questionnaire (GHQ). Data were analyzed by using of the Pearson correlation and hierarchical regression.
The ego strength, the object relations and the defense styles had meaningfully correlation to the mental health. Also, the analysis of hierarchical regression demonstrated that these variables can determine 37% of variance of the total score of mental health in students.
Generally, understanding the effective ingredients on mental health and their predictive rate assists not only to acquire the preventive approach but also to improve the mental health. Furthermore, it determines the direction of the treatment and also it facilitates the process of therapy.

The present study has been performed for investigating the effect of training based on theory of mind on mind reading function and executive functions in children with autism spectrum disorders.
The research design was a controlled randomized clinical trial. 24 children with ASD (22 boys and 2 girls), aged 6-12 years that were matched according to IQ and gender were assigned to experimental group and control group, randomly. The participants of the experimental group to attend in the educational program based on theory of mind for 25 weeks (100 sessions); while participants of the control group only received common daily educational programs. Mind reading and executive functions were measured before and after providing the intervention. In addition, the follow up test was performed two months after completed intervention.
The results of repeated measures test demonstrated that the effect of time factor was significantly meaningful in primary, real and total mind reading. The meaningful interaction of the time factor and group membership indicated that training based on theory of mind significantly resulted in improvement of primary, real, advanced and total score of mind reading function in the experimental group at post-test and follow up times. Also, results showed that the effect of time factor was significantly meaningful in the subscales of planning- problem solving, emotional-behavioral organizing, and total score of the executive functions scale. Significant interaction of time and group membership factors indicated that training based on theory of mind significantly decreased emotional-behavioral organizing and total scores of executive functions scale at the post-test and follow up times in comparison with pretest time.
These results showed that the training based on theory of mind is an important factor for improvement of mind reading and executive functions in children with autism spectrum disorders. The theoretical implications of these findings are discussed in the following text.

The aim of the present study was evaluation the relationship between solidarity and flexibility of the family and the styles of parenting to the severity of the stress of mothers in Child Breeding in the district 1 of Tehran.
The statistics community of this study included mothers of children aged between 3 to 6 years, and also these mothers have taken their children to the kindergartens of the district 1 of Tehran. The statistical samples in this study consisted of 192 mothers who were selected randomly. The mothers completed the questionnaire of the Bamrind Method of Parenting , the questionnaire the Scale of Solidarity and Flexibility of the Family and the questionnaire of the Stress of Mothers in Child Breeding.
The results demonstrated that there is meaningful correlation between solidarity and flexibility of the family and the methods of parenting to the severity of the stress of mothers in child breeding (P

Many psychiatric studies increasingly have focused on the spirituality and the concepts related to it are educated by many universities around the world. In spite of the activities for removing the available defects in this field in Iran, but there is not any clear picture about what subjects of spirituality should be read by medical residents. The aim of the present study is responding to this question in the field of psychiatriy.
In this study, the Educational resources of psychiatry residency were analyzed by using of the analyzing the inductive qualitative content method. The considered resources were final board exam psychiatric reference textbooks in 2014, the published articles in the Iranian journals in the field of education over the past 10 years as well as the articles from the foreign journals which have been used in the this field over the past 20 years.
A total of 153 paragraphs and 9 tables in the reference textbooks and 37 articles in the journals were available for spirituality and its related issues. In the qualitative analysis of the texts, results were classified into the 5 groups and 20 subgroups. The themes were: fundamental perspective to spirituality, to need spirituality in the difficulties, spirituality in the treatment, spirituality as mediator, and negative spirituality.
The subject of spirituality in psychiatric has been considered in the relatively high volume of the resources of the psychiatric board exam in Iran. Therefore, it shows the importance of this issue; however, the volume is small in comparison with the total volume of the references. In addition, due to its dispersal and concealment among the other learning subjects, its education and functionality faces to difficulties.