نشریه انسان و محیط زیست
سال هشتم شماره 1 (پیاپی 12، بهار 1389)

Social science has a wide range among the humanities. Follow branches of this field are anthropology, sociology, cultural studies, communication science. Environmental science is a branch of environment that following branches including land assessment, habitats, diversity and environmental pollution. On the whole environment and our relationship with it is one of the main social theories. Nowadays environmental concerns are more apparent because thinking about environment and its value as old as human society. But it obvious that the current generation of human is facing with a serious of environmental puzzles which are unprecedented in human history. Current generations the first generation which has the ability to repeatedly destroy the earth while the first generation that cannot exist a natural environment for granted. So while on the human thinking outlook of the environment was old so that environment and human how assess it and how think about it has found such a central aspect and main social theory. In this paper we overview of human impact on environment and also survey various social theories regarding environment and environmental ethics and review impact of it on environmental management.

ethyl Tertiary-Butyl Ether (MTBE) is one of the gas dditives that can be effective in increasing the octan ating of fuel. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) as labeled MTBE in carcinogen compounds. This ompound can leak into the soil from underground fuel anks and its chemical and physical properties affords apid influence. orption ability of soil, is so effective in influence of TBE into the soil and "distribution Coefficient (Kd)" an show this ability. Kd is one of the important ffectives that recently lionizes in Environmental eotechnics and its range is so wide in as much as t can be "0" or "1000" and more; This wide range is mportant in using numerical models for underground ater and contaminant trasformation modeling. n this stusy the real value of sorption has been etermined by several sorption tests on MTBE and he soil of Ray city and according this value, various sotherm models was studied to finding the most ccurate model for MTBE and this soil. n this study, all of the tests has done according to STM standards. inally it’s concluded that all of studied models are ppropriate for calculating Kd but in similar cases,we can offer foloing models sequently: Dubinin- adushkevich Model; Langmuir Model; Freundlich odel; Linear Model.

Chainsaw is an important instrument in felling. The chainsaws that use in forest are working by gas and all of them have tow-stroke cycle engine. Gas is a combined cycle hydrocarbon with a different ratio in material that burning them is polluting the air. This study was done in lower height forests of Mazandaran Wood and Paper Industries Co. (MWPI). The aim was study about amount of gas polluting the air from each cubic meter of wood production by chain saw in felling activities. Results show that the average consumption of gas for felling is 81.7 cc/m3 wood and the amount of scattered polluter were: Carbon Oxide 46.7 gr, Nitric Oxide 1.2 gr, Hydrocarbon 5.3 gr, Plumb 0.03 gr, Benzoapyrene 0.0001 gr, and Dust 0.007 gr. The lowest amount of scattered Co2 was 1.2 gr and the most amounts were 14.8 gr for felling each cubic meter of wood.

Zaiandeh Rood River’s dam with a maximum volume of 1470 million cubic meters (the 2063 level) and lake with 54 kilometers area has created a local dynamic ecosystem and because of having multi objective such as providing drinking water of some part of Isfahan and Chahar mahal and yazd provinces, supply agriculture water of zaiandeh rood basin and producing electricity are extremely important. Also because of proximity with poles of large population and tourist and industry play important roles in economic life of this region. In this study with descriptive, documents and statically methods and using Wooten &Rau matrix survey whole activity of Zaiandeh Rood River ’s dam on the environmental parameters. Study showed that despite the Zaiandeh rood’s dam have the negative effects on earth, water, plant and animal habitats in this region but due to moderate weather condition in micro scale and has had positive effects in social –Economic-Health condition and beauty recreational role in the region and the total environment impact of construction andoperation of dam was calculated. Overall score of the zaiandeh rood river’s dam project is obtained 95+ that reflecting the positive effect of dam on the environment. At the end for mitigation of environmental impact has been providing solution and proposed plants for improving environmental sustainability and selfpurification of zaiandeh Rood River’s dam

Damage is detriment on fortune and belongings as a result of act of a state or an international organization which it must be compensated. This method is applicable in case of environment and its problems especially where performance of a state or its citizens includes pollution and international degradation that cause international damages. There are several methods for compensation in international law but on the whole the most common compensation method in environmental law is monetary payment.

Offshore oil and gas drilling operation activity can release many chemical components to environment. Water based muds (WBMs), oil based muds(OBMs) and synthetic based muds(SBMs) are the kinds of drilling muds. SBMs have the good characteristic of OBMs in operation time and so WBMs environmental advantage. Direct discharge to sea, transport to onshore to treatment and repump to well are the disposal methods for this muds. Barium and hydrocarbons are the basic components of drilling muds. Studies show that several year after the end of drilling cutting discharge, the level of sediment pollution by Barium and hydrocarbons around 250m of discharge point is high and after that hydrocarbons decrease quickly but Barium decreasing is slowly. Environmental evaluations show the bad effect of this waste on benthic foraminifera specifically around 250m of discharge point and increase the opportunistic species. The results show that the some of benthic foraminifera species can be successfully employed as bioindicators of environmental change. The suggestions for environmental impact of these waste discharge includes: waste management for reach the zerodischarge, use of low environmental effect mud, environmental assessment and analyses before and after of drilling operation.

One of the most important subject under discussion public law is environment. Discussion about forest environment and different related profits is one of the considerable subject in the systems of environment. Iran in laws of many countries including there are some regulations deserving legal support, but what is suppurted by law is preserving the forest environment neither variety of environment nor interests of forest in habitants and public utility. The present article intends to consider the different interest by descriptive method and comparative view, and states the process of participation in environment management and at last introduce alternative solutions about the way of desirable control environmental forest.

The planning for resource management to achieve desirable development is one of the most important economical, environmental and social affairs. During such planning any lack attention to natural reserves, wildlife settlement and cultural heritage that is for all society and next generations, will become extinct. For these reasons, establishing necessary scheme for establishing the balance between the national conservation and today’s requirements is one of the most important duty of responsible, specially the government and the parliament. To Setting the sustainable development in country, needs codifying law and enforcing it. Scheduling laws determine the frameworks and multilateral development ordered system of country that is the basis of accepted general policy and strategies. With considering the fourth development plan’s law and comparing those with the last plan’s laws it can say that the care on the ecosystem is growth. In fact, the fourth development plan’s laws directed sustainable development achievement in country and following the fiftieth article of law, is trying to adapt the procedure of developing specially economic and industrial with the ecosystem necessaries, in order to prevent unsustainable development. In fourth development master plan, one of the sixth foundations is environment preservation, logistic territory and regional equilibrium. Fifteen articles of 161 articles of fourth development plan are for environment preservation and in 14 of other is the necessity of environment preservation which has taken into consideration. The settled procedure shows the movement on a comparatively successful way on connecting environment considerations by developing plan to reach stable development. The success of these, are based on the enforcing of the codified laws completely and thoroughly.