نشریه انسان و محیط زیست
سال هشتم شماره 4 (پیاپی 15، زمستان 1389)

Many planners and policy makers have argued that tourism is the main branch of sustainable development. This allocates a great part of national income in many countries especially in third world. Ecotourism management is vital element for growth and development of society in Iran. Diversity of climate، plants and wildlife in Iran is suitable for ecotourism management. Khuzesta province with natural spaces ad beautiful landscapes can absorb foreigner and inner tourists. The findings of this paper indicate that this industry is confronted with several problems and difficulties like weakness of management and planning، lack of clear rules and financial credits، insufficient training of staff and experts and lack of participation of local people. The findings show unsustainability and degradation of rural ecotourism in Khuzestan province. At the end of this paper has provided some recommendations for sustainable development of ecotourism in Khuzestan.

In the recent years، different countries have approved some short time، medium time ad long time plans to achieve development in all sectors such as transportation sector. These plans are determined by expert groups in each sector according to quality and quantity indexes and these are utilized as country''s development document. Generally، some of the plans and strategies have special importance for transportation ministry such as rail way transportation development، road network development، renovation of transportation fleet and comprehensive study plan of country transportation. As regards that any development has environmental impact، therefore environmental impact assessment (EIA) of each plan specially transportation is the target of this study، is necessary due to prevention of harmful effects and presenting mitigation plans for environment. This study has been done to conduct administrative and consultants of rail way plans، so determination of all actions in construction and operational phases is necessary. Also it is very important to determine main parameters about physical، biological and socio-economical environment. According to all of above implementations the impacts of rail ways project on different environment involving air، water، sound، soil، plant and animal will be determined and in next step mitigation plans ad environmental monitoring program will be prepared. Finally environmental impact assessment guideline is developed for consultants and administrative involving 12 subjects.

Although the concept of thinking about the environmental importance and its value as old as human society itself، and since the study in the field of NGO management. Is written، came to work the features of environmental NGOs Tehran in achieving the ideals seventh Millennium Development Goals (ensure environmental sustainability) will be dealt. One of the main goals of the Millennium Development Goals is the seventh cause (ensure environmental sustainability). The review also includes relevant theoretical foundations: the role and influence non-governmental organizations، the Millennium development Goals and the current state of the environment in the world and Iran، and theories associated with the research topic one hand and considering the characteristics of effective NGOs improve the environment and promote the institutional role and making it، has been studied include participation، legitimacy (the rule of law)، transparency، responsibility، consensus and people thrust، justice and fairness، efficiency and effectiveness، accountability. In this study، statistical community، including managers، members and volunteers required environmental NGOs in Tehran is the sample size assuming unlimited Statistical Society، 095 confidence level، is calculated and sampling، simple random and methods، is descriptive method of data collection Tribe questionnaire is then based on test data analysis and ultimately paid divergence and propose solutions that are presented.

Nowadays، the management of environmental issues such as hazardous waste is not simply a technical problem. But is confounded by legal، social، political and even ethical considerations. Environmental ethics asks about the moral relationships between humans and the world around us. Due to important issues of our present world، the understanding of main principles of environmental ethics and philosophy is become essential for all specialists who are working at different fields. The environmental issues cannot be solved without the help of all people specially managers and engineers. The main aim of this paper is to compare different ethical perspectives regarding to our environment. In this paper، different ethical perspectives including humanisms، biocentrism (life-centered)، ecocentrisms (eco-centeric)، utilitiarinism are briefly explained. In addition، the point of view of religious regarding to environment is briefly discussed. Humanism claims that we are unique because of our intelligent، foresight and creativity and on the other hand، eco-centrism claims that all ecological processes and systems have intrinsic values and right regardless of whether they are useful to us. Furthermore، the importance and role of the Codes of Ethics for engineers، which are adopted by several professional associations، are described in the paper

Today، thinkers and environment and urban designers are concerned about the inevitable growth of metropolises trying to propose some methods to moderate its effects. This has resulted in some patterns that reduce its disturbing effects along with improving the quality of life in these cities. Mankind is aware of the value of the sustained spaces and is trying to answer his needs، holding permanent horizons in view. These efforts resulted in patterns of sustained metropolises، a steady and dense city. But this human achievement is not، like his other achievements، without a consequence. Research shows that increase in the density of the city disturbs the balance in the illumination of the city spaces in addition to damaging the heat transfer between the earth، buildings and the atmosphere. It also affects the internal heat of the city، increases the temperature and influences the velocity of the wind. In another view. Higher density means a decreased opportunity for building green spaces resulting in a demolished desirability of the spaces. It also results in crowdedness and brings about air pollution. As flat planes that occupy a large share in such dense cities، roofs are of great importance to us. Good effects of green patterns on improving the climatic conditions like moderating undesirable consequences of dense cities decrease of heat and sun waves، the velocity of the wind and pollution posits a good potential in plans. Bruce''s non-hydrostatic model is used in this research to simulate a site in three conditions of its current state، increase in density and greening the roofs. Then effects of rooftop greening especially on air temperature and wind velocity are studied. Finally a comparison is made between the results of this research and other researches done in this field achieve a broader insight into how greening the roofs may affect low-scale environmental conditions specially in dense cities by using plants in higher scales. There is also a discussion about other benefits of this approach to show its value in architectural and urban projects.

The interactions of any industrial process with its environment، are located either upstream due to the rarity of natural resources، or downstream due to the rejection of noxious by products. In this paper، the indexes were presented for illustration of environment nuisance as rate of ecological saturation، ecological points and factors. The analysis results for different discharges of many industrial plants into environment show that rate or ecological saturation is more than one which demonstrates environment pollution by them. As an example، the inventory of the air، water ad rejected solids pollutions during the production of one kilogramme of steel was presented. Also، the rarity of raw materials and fossil energy reserves were shown by the relative indexes (criterion). Analysis of data shows that if the price of oil (or natural gas) increases، its exploitation can inereses and consequently، prevents the rarity of energy which depends on world economic condition and technology progress.

Coral reefs provide good places for nutrition and breeding of many marine species including invertebrates and vertebrata (algae، marine grasses، sponges، Mollusca، crustacean، fish، etc…). Biodiversity is noticeable in these ecosystems and for this reason they are very important. With regarding to high important of these ecosystems for preserving of biodiversity and fragility of them as compared to destructive factors and environmental pollutants، and also because very long time recovery، approximately more than 100 years، protect of these shelters is very important. These important ecosystems are affected by many environmental crisis that occur by human، such as: oil compounds، agricultural and industrial sewages، global warming، climate changes، tourism، over fishing، coastal development، etc…. It is necessary to recognized and manage crises points for preserving. Creation and development of artificial reef (Ekoreef) is one of the most important strategies for preserve and restoration of coral reefs.