نشریه انسان و محیط زیست
سال سیزدهم شماره 3 (پیاپی 34، پاییز 1394)

Methylene blue (MB) is a most common paint for dying and it can cause eye burns, breathing problem, heart rate increasing, nausea, diarrhea, and vomiting, gastritis, shock, cyanosis, jaundice, quadriplegia, and tissue necrosis in humans. In this study, cumin stem powder has been used as a low cost adsorbent for the removal of Methylene blue dye from aqueous solutions. In this experimental study, the efficiency of cumin stem powder in removal of methylene blue and the effect of effecting operating parameters such as pH (2-12), reaction time (5-210 min), adsorbent dosage (0.1-2 g/l) and initial concentration of dye (10-100 mg/l) on color removal from synthetic wastewater were studied. The results showed that the maximum removal efficiency of methylene blue 93% was achieved at optimum condition: pH 11, reaction time 90 min, adsorbent dosage 0.5 g/l and initial dye concentration 100 mg/l. The results of isotherm study revealed well fitting of the experimental data with Freundlich (R2=0.9913). According to results of this study, it was found that the cumin stem powder has a high capacity to remove methylene blue dye from aqueous solution and textile industry wastewater.

This study was performed in order to assess land suitability of saline and gypsiferous soils of Barm-e- Alvan region, Kohgilouye-va-Boyerahmad Province for sustainable use of these lands. The main objective of land suitability assessment is evaluating the land characteristics in the current economic conditions for optimum use of available resource in order to have a moderate income with minimum soil loss. Salt and gypsum occurrence in soils are key factors of lowland soils cause limitations for crop cultivation. For this study the soil map was prepared. After preparing soil map of the region as basic map, the operation of land suitability classification for the region main crops (rain-fed wheat and barley) was carried out by simple limitation method based on FAO guideline and tables of climatic and soil needs of the crops. The results indicated that soils were classified in three soil orders of Entisols, Inceptisols and Aridisols and topography was the main soil forming factor. It was also distinguished that no major limitation was for the production of these crops. Selection of appropriate varieties of wheat and barley with more resistance to limiting factors with shorter growth period cause more production, hence improving water and soil resources of the region

Visualization technologies are powerful tools for communicating the scientific outcomes of environmental planning models between the researchers and public participants. A common problem of landscape and environmental planning is that projects are rarely presented in a coherent and stimulating manner. Laypersons are usually overwhelmed by abstract, graphically sparse mapping and are unable to translate this information into landscape images. One of the solutions of this problem is benefit from improvements of 3D visualization technologies. Recently Integration of GIS and three-dimensional visualization technology has been introduced in urban planning and landscape design, so this paper attempts to explain some of the principles and basic concepts in this regard. This paper is generally presented in two parts: the first part expresses the importance of 3D visualization of spatial data and compares different capabilities of 3D making in CAD and GIS softwares, and it has also been referred to some of the problems and solutions of developing 3D GIS softwares. In the second part, some of the three-dimensional systems are introduced and explained. This represented paper is trying to reveal the power of 3D GIS in creating interaction between planners, managers and the general audience

Soil microorganisms have important role at production and consumption of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and nitric oxide (NO). On the other hand, there are valid reasons that climate changes can directly or indirectly alter the composition and abundance of soil microbial communities. So that, the results of the systematic review showed that the main direct effects of climate changes on soil microbial communities are likely to be caused by changes in temperature and moisture content. Howevr, the effects of increased CO2 levels on microbial communities are often indirect, as they are mediated by positive effects of the gas on plant photosynthesis, which in turn changes in quantity and quality of soil C inputs. Any way, depending on the taxonomy, body size, feeding habits, ecosystem type, local climate, treatment magnitude and duration, the patterns respons of the soil organisms in against of climate change parameters are differ. So that, the results of meta-analysis has show that the response of soil biota to elevated CO2, is depend on the trophic group, body size, and experimental approaches (field or greenhouse). Whereas, the response of soil biota to warming and altered precipitation are depend on local climate and ecosystem type. Furthermore, the effects of increase CO2 on soil organism abundance diminished with time, however the effects of warming and altered precipitation intensified with time

Nowadays, the phenomenon of forest fires as a natural disaster threatens a large part of the world's forests. Due to the devastating effects of fire on forest, Research conducted by using new methods to predict the spread of fire, is very valuable.This study has been done to investigate the different methods of fire spread modeling and fire simulation in the forests of the world and Iran. Computer programs are based on mathematical models in order to simulate fire behavior. These models are divided to four categories of theoretical models, physical systems, experimental models and semiexperimental models. Theoretical models have the ability for universalization to the different ecosystems, but their validation is difficult. Physical model (surface, crown, ground, spot) have been developed regarding to the type of forest fires, but these models often don’t have the enough accurate and their validation is difficult. The experimental models are very practical due to the ease of use, but they are applicable just for ecosystems which they have the similar conditions with that used in formulation and test of model. The semi-experimental models are taken into consideration because of easier validation, simplicity and compatibility with the raster data, but lack of ability for crown and spot fires, difficult programming and necessity of availability of the required data for all effective parameters are deficiencies of these models. The theoretical models, physical models of surface fire, semi-experimental models of Rothermel, FARSITE and cellular automata can be the best models for fire spread of Iranian forests regarding to conditions of these forests.

This present article is writing in order to explain the impact of religious belief on how to deal with environmental issues. This papers some how comparative between Islamic theology and the environment, that is used the theological and philosophical foundations for how to deal with environmental. Also, environment, in the broadest possible sense used and there is the corresponding nature intended. The relationship between God as creator of the universe, and nature as subject human beings and he's Guide to theology, and the man as heir and representative of by God on earth, that is the power to seize and conquer nature, are the purpose of this article. Therefore introducing the universe as a divine trust and suggests some lessons on how to preserve and maintain it, that Islam requires believers to put it, among the goals or purpose of this paper is to investigate and explain.