نشریه انسان و محیط زیست
سال شانزدهم شماره 3 (پیاپی 46، پاییز 1397)

This study provides a framework to examine the issues of health, safety and environmental concerns associated with the demolition of the buildings. For this purpose, firstly, the existing problems, in the field of building’s demolition in Tehran and deficiencies in state and municipal laws were identified. Checking the existing problems in association with the study of Saadat Abad incident showed that demolition topic, requires fast actions and effective remedies. Besides extraction of the existing defects, according to the available literature and the results of the researcher's efforts, Effective factors on buildings demolition were obtained. According to the experts, including university professors and demolition contractors, significant factors were identified and prioritized using FAHP method. Finally, after obtained results and the significance of the factors, corrective strategies and a functional model for improving the current circumstances is presented.

The extent of the human need for energy resources has always been the basic issues important in human lifeand strive to achieve an inexhaustible source of energy has been mankind's oldest dreams.Increased use of fossil fuels and the increasing need to be intensified with the increase in population, and have alternative energy in the fuel must be found.Determine the proper location for the construction of wind turbines attention to the criteria and different factors.In this study of the climatic data were collected for the period specified Meteorological OrganizationAnd meteorological data required for weighting the unit accordingly then IDW and methods in ArcGIS that is suitable for mountainous areas,Zoning was used for the analysis and geographical elements,The results of the study for the establishment of wind turbines 2.5 MW to 4 stations Ardabil Province Samen AV 928 (Meshkinshar, Pars Abad, Khalkhal and Ardabil) allocated priorities excellent potential for the Ardabil station.

The current study was done aiming to evaluate the components of citizen participation for the Sustainabi lity environment of region number 2, of Ahvaz. The study was done using the descriptive-analysis method and to analyze the data, we used the SPSS software. The results showed thatregarding that regarding the various aspects of the urban persistence such as(Water, air, soil, green spaces, sonic, optimal and fossil fuels), the citizens, and their educational class have been able to quench the urban needs properly, in the 2nd region of Ahvaz.In addition, the connection between willing to participate in the urban expansion programs,and the citizen's educational classes have showed a meaningful relationship in the Alpha level, with the score of 0.01 and the unision coefficient amount of 0.166. To determine the connection between the union of participation in maintaining the urban Sustainabi lity environment and the age of citizens, the Pearson coefficient method. The amount of union coefficient equals –0.162, that shows the negative/inverse relationship between the said components. To rank the citizens' participation in these 8 indexes, we used the Topsis model. The results show that the optimal, soil and sonic indexes with the average rate of 0.53, holds the highest level of participation by the citizens, and the sewage and the green areas with the average amount of 0.22 are in the middle spots; also the indexes regarding the use of fossil fuel, water and air with the priority coefficient of 0.07 are at the lowest levels of citizen participation.

It is obvious for all to take into consideration intellectual and systematic methods in management and optimum using of resources especially natural resources. Inappropriate residential and industrial development, causing damage to agricultural and natural resources areas, and expand to the vulnerable zones, such as flood areas and unsuitable slopes causing destroying the ecological balance and sustainability in land. The essential of ecological capability evaluation of urban, rural and industrial development is meant objectivity to capability of land potential. The purpose of this study is evaluation of ecological potential of urban, rural and industrial development in Shiraz Township. In this regard, Township of Shiraz was assessed with overlaying information layers and concluded them by using GIS technology. In this research the eleven indicators in five general criteria of physiography, climate, geology, soil and vegetation cover were used.  Also evaluation was done based on Boolean logic (And logic) and modifying of classification for indicators used in Makhdoum Model. Assessment results were presented in two classes of nearly suitable (2) and unsuitable (3). Also in this research percent of potential classes for assessing current establishment of industrial, rural and urban land uses were evaluated by overlaying industrial, rural and urban layers on ecological potential map. Results show that most of urban areas are located in suitable class of 2 and most of industrial and rural areas are located in unsuitable class of 3.

Nowadays the continuous irrational use of land has led to increase transformation, variation of land use and vegetation. Examining and quantifying these variations can be necessary for planning and sustainable management of land. Thus, in the present study, landscape measures were used as quantifying tools for investigation of land condition and variation. Here, patch spatial distribution and composition measures were used. The case study was Dez protected area, which is located in the Iranian Khuzestan Province. In order to prepare land cover and variation analysis maps, the satellite images of Landsat 7 from the TM sensor and Landsat 8 related to ETM+ sensor images were used respectively. Number of Patches (NP), Patch Density (PD), largest patch index, landscape shape, and total edge (TE) metrics, and diversity indices of Shannon and Simpsons were used. The class-level landscape patterns were analyzed using Fragstats 4.2 and Envi. The results show that the extent of vegetated land of the region has decreased, whereas the scope of land with no vegetation is on the rise. The decrease of vegetation and increase of bare soil indicate the destruction of the region's natural cover during the studied years. The decrease of NP and PD measures and increase of edge density shows the increasing destruction of natural land cover of the region, and its increasing common border with other peripheral areas that have different land use.

Rapid technological advances in recent decades despite the many benefits for human, exposed the natural resources and environmental components to various contaminants such as heavy metals. In order to evaluate the potential of Azolla, to absorb arsenic and nutrient from solution contaning different concentrations of salinity, a factorial experiment with completely randomized design and three replications were conducted in the greenhouse. Different levels of Arsenic were 0, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80 and 160 mg/liter. Arsenic was provided from source of sodium arsenate and was added to the Epestin food solution. The concentrations of NaCl in Epestin nutrient solutions were 0, 10, 20, 40 and 80 mM. Nutrient solutions with different concentration of arsenic and NaCl were used to growth azolla, for a period of 30 days. The result showed that existance of Arsenic heavy metal and salinity decreased the growth rate of azolla and even caused death where their concentrations were high. The azolla accumulated high concentration of arsenic solutions in their tissues. Assessing the effect of salinity on arsenic of the azolla indicated that increase in salinity levels of nutrient solution, decreased arsenic concentration. Arsenic increasing concentrations of calcium, sodium, manganese and decrease nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, iron, zinc and copper. Salinity treatments and mutual effects of arsenic and salinity treatments increased sodium and decreasing concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, manganese and copper.

Environment is a key element of sustainable development. Hence in this regard trying to steer development process so that the maximization of value-added economic activities and the dynamic nature does not lose his balance. Thus, according to environmental impact and consequently. The survival of human life, environmental protection is indispensable. Therefore, it is necessary to recognition items that cause to environmental sustainability. In this paper assign Sustainable model of agricultural resources for protection environment of Mashhad by using fractional programming. This study evaluates in two scenarios; In the first scenario assumed that all land should be used. Result of this section showed cultivation of barely, alfalfa and silage maize are The optimum cropping pattern in the region to sustain environmental resources. In second scenarios assume that Strategic crops such as wheat, barley and sugar beet cultivation in the list of products exist. Result of this section showed cultivation of wheat, barley, alfalfa, are The optimum cropping pattern in the region to sustain environmental resources. Also result of paper showed that limitation farmer to Strategic cultivation wheat and barley in optimum cropping pattern cause to Reduce environmental sustainability indicators.

Iran, with twelve percent of the cultivated area, is the third country as the number and diversity of agricultural products in the world, but rankinf above 140 out of the 231 countries in the environmental indicators shows insufficient attention to conservation environment. Todays, the arson (deliberately fire) of plant’s residual in Iranian agriculture community, is underway as a culture in farmers. The aims of this study were a review on the previous studies on the reasons of arson in Esfahan province, a description of the effects of arson on environment, a presentation of the positive points of the plant’s residuals for the next harvest and also the applications of those in the different industries. The main reason of arson is originated of preparing shortly of the farm for next planting and destroying pests, especially germ’s insect-eating whereas this action (arson) not only will increase the loss of soil fertility, water and wind erosion, destruction of soil beneficial microorganisms, air pollution caused by the ash, but also will make the surface soil and in continue, will loss the rainwater, causing a severe surface runoff, increase evaporation as same as enter much smoke and many particulate matters from the ash and causes air pollutions. It is noticeable that the residuals can be used in various industries, including pulp and paper, floriculture (such as mushrooms), energy and also the agricultural industry. In this context, the role of education, developing of alternate industries and government incentives are the most important feasible measures.

Evapotranspiration is one of the critical parameters in an interdisciplinary topic between agriculture and hydrology. Thus, the accurate estimate of evapotranspiration can reduce the casualties of water resources and cause proper management in planning. In this study, the standard FAO penman- monteith method is used to estimate the evapotranspiration of the refrence crop (ET0) in Tehran province for selected synoptic stations. Some studies show that in case of high temperature, the wind speed performs an important factor in increasing values of evapotranspiration. The lowest annual reference crop evapotranspiration in synoptic station north of Tehran with an average temperature of 15.6 degrees celsius high it is estimated the average 1160 mm. While Abali stations and Firouzkooh respectively 8.6 and 9 ° C mean annual temperature, 1180 and 1220 mm annual evapotranspiration values experience. The annual evapotranspiration reference plant in Doushan Tappeh station with average annual temperature of 18 °C, About1425 mm. The most important factor in reducing evaporation and transpiration synoptic station in northern Tehran and Doushan Tappeh with average annual temperature is much higher, Wind speed in this station. The maximum value of evapotranspiration estimated around 1700 and 1680 mm in geophysics station and then Mehrabad Airport stations respectively. Approximately, 75% of the annual reference crop evapotranspiration has been occurred from April to September. Also, the maximumvalue of evapotranspiration is observed between June and September, and the minimum is seen from November to Februaey in alla station.

Realizing the effects of global warming and climate change, urban communities seeking to achieve flexibility in future changes related to urban water resources, biodiversity, population growth and climate change. But despite the development of existing infrastructure and the emergence of newtechnologies at the service of urban water sustainability goals, during 20 years this change remains too slow. Now well accepted that traditional urban water management is not appropriate for paying current and future sustainability issues and fundamental changes in the technical structure and management of urban water systems and using new theories to explain urban water planning for sustainable development. In this regard, a relatively new concept in the field of urban water management the last two decades of its creation is proposed under water sensitive cities. this concept provides ecological solutions to achieve sustainability in urban development and cities require fundamental changes in management, social and technical than conventional methods. In this way, present research covers water sensitive cities and in the form of Criteria, targets and criteria for water sensitive urban design, water sensitive urban planning and eventually was given water sensitive city. And finally, to enhance the experience of using this pattern, this pattern has been studied in Melbourne and Moonee Valley.

Every ecosystem supports Fauna life by giving direct or indirect benefits and services. Mangrove forests are the most productive ecosystems among them on this planet. This significant ecosystem, is one of the most valuable coastal ecosystems that not only is a source of food for humans and animals, but also has a key role in the protection and stabilization of costlines (by increasing soil cohesion), erosion prevention and weather control. Also this ecosystem is a habitat for breeding of different kinds of fish, crabs and amphibians and provides a safe home for some mammals, birds and arthropods. Mangrove acts such as a barrier against natural disasters (cyclones, hurricanes and tsunamis) and thus provides a safe place for coastal communities. Despite safety, environmental and habitat function, these forests are still under threat from human activity, with the result that, biodiversity and forest areas of mangroves, in many areas, are decreasing rapidly. So, the purpose of this research is to inform researchers and inhabitants of the coastline about ecological benefits (safety, environmental and habitat) of mangrove ecosystems and use of proper strategy and management to protect this rare and precious habitat against more destruction. This study was a review of published studies. In order to protect mangrove ecosystems against further destruction, attraction of private and public investment in order to use green technologies and to inform coastal residents to create a proper management strategy, is necessary.

There exist multiple definitions from different viewpoints regarding the concept of ecotourism or nature tourism at global level which are largely controversial among different countries. These definitions encompass different axes of ecotourism, Although many of th. Now a day, this concept encounters educational, cultural, and administrative challenges. With regard to the fact that numerous verses in Koran refer to this concept, undoubtedly the most complete sense of ecotourism can be inferred from the Holy Koran. Reflection on Quranic verses shows that the view of Holy Quran on this issue is a holistic one. In this article has been tried to resolve the ecotourism paradigm in the world today through the introduction of the concept of Koranic ecotourism and provide a new attitude for the experts in this area so help to their performance in this area.