نشریه انسان و محیط زیست
سال هجدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 53، تابستان 1399)

Environmental risk assessment studies are usually followed a specific process, including the identification of risks and the consequences of them, estimation and risk assessment, and suggested techniques to reduce the risk and its consequences. This study was carried out in 2016 to evaluate and ranking the environmental risk generating activities for desalination plant No.1 of Ahvaz in Karoon Oil and gas co-operation and in exploitation phase. In this study, identification of risks in the region based on field visits, interviews with factory and environmental experts, status report and Delphi method were performed. Then, the ranking of risk generating activities was done using AHP method. According to the Delphi method from 11 productive activity risks identified and 8 activities were identified as the final activities that these activities have generated the most risks in the plant. The data analysis according to the AHP method showed that the highest risk generating activities was the maintenance, transfer and injection of chemicals into reservoirs with the weight 0.244 and lowest risk related to rust operation with the weight 0.069. The final results showed that the application of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) can be use in prioritization the criteria and sub-criteria and increases its accuracy in estimating the ultimate level of risk.

NAIADE (Novel Approach to Imprecise Assessment and Decision Environments) is a new multi criteria evaluation method which performs the comparison of alternatives on the basis of a set of criteria. It allows the use of information with different types and degrees of uncertainty. The values assigned to the criteria for each alternative may be expressed in the form of crisp, stochastic, fuzzy numbers or linguistic expressions. NAIADE does not use traditional weighting of criteria, rather it applies a pairwise comparison technique, and generates a ranking of alternatives (e.g. problem formulation). NAIADE allows for two types of evaluations. The first is based on the score assigned to the criteria of each alternative using an impact matrix (alternatives vs. criteria). The second analyses conflict among the different interest groups and the possible formation of coalitions according to the proposed alternatives (equity matrix: linguistic evaluation of alternatives by each group). NAIADE is considered as an efficient technique in various managerial investigations and environmental studies and has been utilized frequently in recent years. Unfortunately, there is no report on this method in Iran; therefore, the current study aimed to evaluate and introduce the method in Iran. It is hoped that the method acts as a step towards elevating the awareness and knowledge in different levels of society, authorities, and executives as well as improving quality of the environment.

Development of cities and increase in population growth, have been caused to produce the different municipal wastes.  Base on hazardous environmental effect of landfill, site selection for landfill should be done carefully and in a scientific process. The different parameters are involved in site selection of landfill that whichever have particular importance and case restriction in the selection. The goal of this study is choosing the most suitable site that has the least environmental adverse impacts. This study is done by using GIS software and Fuzzy model .At first, important factors in site selection for landfill were identified. Then , nineteen layers were digitized and weighted , such as: as soil characteristics , geological characteristics , surface water, depth of groundwater ,distance from urban centers , distance from fault, access roads , height floor , slope , vegetation coverage,... layers by using fuzzy model were combined and the best site for Rafsanjan landfill was selected . In this study, the suitable areas are located at the north and Northern-western of the city. The result of this paper indicate that using GIS software and fuzzy model in site selection offer this chance to the decision maker to insert more important subjects which have greater role in site selection . Therefore, using Fuzzy model is suitable for this kind of studies.

The economic value estimation of environmental resources is known as an approach to familiarize people with the services and products provided by environmental functions. So, in this research, the economic income of  olive garden with 50 hectares located in Langerud village of Qom Province were evaluated with respect to environmental factors (goods and important environmental services such as oxygen production, carbon sequestration and services relating to soil conservation) and without considering it (only estimating the cost / income economy) based on  cost –value methods. The results of the study revealed that olive garden total income including environmental value and economic net income were equal to 21,871,565.23 million Rial whereas; total net income without environmental income were 35948,795 million Rial in the period of 1383-1395. Ecological function income of oxygen production, carbon sequestration and soil nutrient maintain were 20,022,449.07, 1,746,331.14, 2210.319 million Rials, respectively. The results also verified the highest environmental value was related to oxygen production.

Heavy metals are elements with high atomic weight, and large amounts of these metals may be harmful to living organisms. Mercury is one of these metals and can cause various problems for human health. The aim of this study was to investigate the bioavailability of mercury by Afraplet species. With the permission of Natural Resources seedlings a year of Maple of nursery was prepared and the solution Chloride Mercury with concentrations of 20, 40 and 60 mg per liter of prepared solution is then added to the soil, and the seedlings of maple in the pot after the period of six months from growth of seedlings, leaves, stems and roots of the seedlings were sampled. Using ANOVA and Duncan test were examined.The highest level of Mercury accumulation in aerial organs in leaves, stems and roots and, respectively, 55; 40; 45.67; mg/kg. Based on the results of this research maple species suitable for remediation of soils contaminated with metal is mercury.

Misbehavior of farmers when preparing pesticides can lead to environmental degradation, including surface and groundwater pollution, and the destruction of living organisms in the water; therefore, it is necessary to explain farmers' behaviors regarding the use of chemical inputs on the environment and humans. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the environmental behavior of farmers in Moghan plain (Ardabil province) in the use of pesticides. This study was a descriptive-correlational research, and in terms of data collection, it was a survey research. The statistical population, includes all farmers of irrigated farms in Moghan Plain (2017-2018) (N = 9996). Sample size was determined by using Krejcie and Morgan (1970) table and by multi-stage sampling with proportional assignment, 400 persons (n =400). The research instrument was a questionnaire whose validity was verified by subject specialists and university professors and finally approved. Reliability of the research tool was also confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The findings showed that farmers had a relatively positive attitude toward environmental protection, totally. Correlation analysis also showed that there was a significant relationship between farmers' environmental behavior with attitude, knowledge, the village distance to agricultural service center, agricultural experience and spray experience.  According to regression analysis, four variables of attitude, knowledge, the village distance to agricultural service center and records of spraying, explain 57.1% of the variance level of environmental behavior of farmers in applying agricultural pesticides. Considering the relationship between attitude and knowledge on the environmental behavior of farmers in the use of agricultural pesticides, attention to the implementation of the theory of the process of transferring innovation (knowledge, attitude and skills) in the form of agricultural extension and education programs in the research area can play an important role to improve farmers' environmental behavior.

The habitat of Spur-thighed tortoise (Testudo graecu) as a susceptible species was selected and studied within an area of 8000 hectare in the hunting ban area of Marver in Yazd Province.  Habitat variables such as percentage of plant cover and Height of plant for each  plant species separately; slope, soil texture, and distance to the nearest road; as well as farm and water resource around animal nest were measured by the establishment of sampling units near the animal hole and compared with the nonappearance locations. The results showed that regions with rather soft soil texture and higher percentage of (Atraphaxis sp) and sagebrush (Artemisia sp) plant cover with a gentle slope are preferred by this animal. The higher percentage of plant cover of two species of Atraphaxis sp and sagebrush provide the required cover for the nest. With regard to water and wind erosion in the region, the low slope prevents the destruction of the nest by water or soil. Furthermore, distance to the road keeps the eggs protected from human disturbance. Saving the population of Spur-thighed tortoise in this region depends on the protection of the structure of plant communities and soil.

Environmental advertising is one of the most significant fields of advertising knowledge which makes city land escapes. The main part of commercial activities is appropriated to urban advertising. Visual elements have fundamental role in creating visual identity and advertising board legibility. Urban advertising boards could have effective representation in city public land escapes. The aim of this study is that identifying the elements of visual harmony and analyzing them in Modarres street, in Mashhad metropolitan to utilize it in order to escalate the land escape quality of the street. According to this purpose, advertising board information was gathered and analyzed by SOWT technique. The results of this study show that the improvement of the level of visual comfort components has a reciprocal and two-way effect on the urban landscape and failure to pay attention to it leads to chaos, heterogeneity and visual disturbances of the environment. Thus, this study put in a proposal to eliminate the illegal advertising and attend the casual environmental advertising in urban land escape designing.