نشریه پژوهش در پزشکی
سال چهل و دوم شماره 1 (پیاپی 165، بهار 1397)

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), which have the ability to differentiate into various types of blood cell lines, are usually separate from the bone marrow. But these cells are also present in a small amount in the peripheral blood, and their amounts increase in blood following injection of G-CSF. However, the mechanism involved in moving HSCs under the influence of G-CSF is unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of circadian rhythms and nervous system in HSCs mobilization. Despite the abandant information on the effect of 24-hour rhythms in physiological processes in the body, there is no evidence of the role of circadian rhythms and its relation to the nervous system receiving environmental information and neurotransmitters in HSCs mobilization.
This experimental study was performed on 15 healthy bone marrow donors. Samples from peripheral blood were taken at 9 oclock in the morning and 9 oclock at night, before the injection of G-CSF as control group, and at 9 oclock in the morning and 9 oclock at night on fourth day of the G-CSF injection, The total counts of leukocytes and CD34 stem cells were performed on the samples by flow cytometry. Plasma levels of adrenaline and noradrenaline were measured by ELISA method analyzed by Paired T test.
Findings: In this study, it was determined that total cell count, stem cell count (CD34 )(p value: 0.03), and plasma levels of adrenaline(p value: 0.04) and noradrenaline(p value: 0.01) in the morning increased over night. Additionally, after receiving the G-CSF , adrenalin and norepinephrine levels are higher in the early hours after the onset of lighting than the night, and CD34 cells count was higher in the morning than in the evening sush as control samples.
Given that the number of stem cells and total WBC count in the morning was more than nights, In general, following the injection of G-CSF, the number of stem cells circulating with the same pattern shows a multiplier increase, It is suggested that the phenomenon of mobilization, like other biological processes of the body, is affected by circadian rhythms, Therefore, increased secretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline in the morning and the effect on ß2-adrenergic receptors in the bone marrow space resulted in increased mobilization and during the day, reducing the secretion of these neurotransmitters leads to contrary to this process and reduces mobilization in the final hours of the day and at night, In fact, G-CSF, along with other functional mechanisms for increasing the mobilization of stem cells to the peripheral blood, also uses this natural remedy for the body. These findings can be effective in enhancing approaches to improving mobilization with the help of the nervous system.

There are many types of leukocytes reside in subcutaneous adipose tissue, and among them, Natural Killer cells (NKs) comprise a major part. We show that the NK cells that reside in the subcutaneous adipose tissue (ADNKs) of the abdominal region found with phenotypic differences from the NKs circulating in the peripheral blood (PBNKs).
In this experimental survey flow cytometry phenotyping was used to study the differences between the natural cytotoxicity receptor expression on ADNKs and PBNKs of both obese (BMI>30) and lean persons (BMI The activation experiments on NK cells revealed the main population of the CD56dim within the total ADNKs of obese persons has an under-expression of NKp30 and NKp44 despite the unchanged levels of NKG2D.
The data suggest the suppressive condition of the adipose tissue niche on the NKs response against sensitive neoplastic cells. As the NKs are the first line of the body’s defense versus tumor formation, this change may lead to the development of transformed cells into the tumors.

Backgrond:Yersinia enterocolitica is zoonotic pathogen and one of important gastroenteritis agents. Some drug-resistant strains of this bacterium were discovered in the world. The use of new antibacterial compounds is one the best ways to deal with it. In this study, inhibitory effects of magnesium oxide nanoparticles, some heterocycles including thiazole, imidazolidine and tetrahydropyrimidine derivatives, poly-L-lysine and glycine were assessed against standard strains of Y. enterocolitica.
In this experiential laboratory study, antibacterial effect of all compounds were evaluated via the disk diffusion and broth microdilution methods. The results were reported as inhibition zone diameter (IZD), the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values. data were analyzed with the computer software SPSS version 19.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, USA), t.test and ANOVA.
Findings: No inhibitory activity against Y. enterocolitica were observed by MgO nanoparticles, poly-L-lysine and glycine. Thiazole derivative 7c was the only effective antibacterial agent on this bacteria with inhibition zone diameter 6.3±0.1, MIC 512 and MBC 1024 µg/ml with P- value It seams with antibacterial effects of compound 7c against standard strains of Y. enterocolitica, inhibitory activities of this compound against antibiotic-resistant strains of Y. enterocolitica as well as its toxic and therapeutic effects on laboratory animals are investigated in further research, thiazole 7c can be introduced as a new antibacterial agent.

Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) represent a promising source of cells for cardiac tissue engineering and repair of the injured heart. However, better understanding of the factors affecting the cardiac differentiation of ADSCs is required before clinical application of these cells. Current study was designed to investigate the role of bFGF and BMP4 in cardiac differentiation of human ADSCs.
ADSCs were isolated from human abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue and cultured. For cardiac differentiation, ADSCs were treated with 10 ng/ml bFGF and 20, 50 or 100 ng/ml BMP4 in a medium containing 10% FBS or 0.5% B27 for four days. Then the induction factors were completely omitted, and the cells were maintained in 10% FBS-containing medium for up to three weeks. At the end of differentiation period, the expression of some cardiac markers was assessed by RT-PCR, qPCR and immunocytochemistry.
The differentiated ADSCs expressed cardiac-specific genes. Based on qPCR analysis, the maximum expression level of ANF and MLC2A mRNAs was detected in the cells treated with 10 ng/ml bFGF and 20 ng/ml BMP4 in the FBS-containing medium. Moreover, FBS supplementation of induction medium was more effective than the B27-containing medium for cardiac differentiation of ADSCs by bFGF and BMP4. The cells treated with 10 ng/ml bFGF and 20 ng/ml BMP4 in FBS-containing medium expressed cardiac troponin I and α-actinin proteins.
It seems that a combination of bFGF and BMP4 improves cardiac differentiation of ADSCs. Moreover, bFGF and BMP4 are more effective for cardiac differentiation when the induction medium is supplemented with FBS than B27. This may be due to the presence of insulin in B27 supplement.

Physiology of reproduction is very complex and many factors influence on animal infertility.Today, researchers simulate weightlessness physiology for investigation about space biology. The best successful model for microgravity physiology simulation on the floor is in the rat hind-limb suspenion .The aim of this study is evaluation and comparision of the effect of vitamin E on the reproductive male Rat system in weightlessness simulation on the ground (with and without vitamin E).
We dividid 28 adult male rats (Wistar) with three mounths old age and an 250 gram average weight ,into four groups with 7 number in each group, and researched on them. All rats were in the same condition for a week to adapt. Then we entered and analyzed collected data in SPSS version 23 software . We used wilcoxon test for before-after comparision and manwhitney-u test for two independent group comparision. We considered P- valu less than 0/05, statistically significant .
The FSH levels in rats induced by microgravity plus vitamin E injection, was 41/0 ± 6/2 in the first, 57/0 ± 74/3 in the fourtheen day. The LH levels was 38/0 ± 43/0 in the first and 33/0 ± 62/0 in the last and testoseron level was 51/0 ± 55/1 in the first and 28/0 ± 5/1 in the last . In the rats without suspension and with vitamin E injection,the amount of LH was 43/0 ± 64/0 at first and 007/0 ± 17/0 in the last, the FSH level was 57/0 ± 16/3 in the first day and 49/0 ± 05/3 in the final and the testosteron level was 25/0 ± 52/1 in the first and 86/2 ± 22/3 in the fourtheen day.
In the rats under microgravity , testosteron decreases and LH, FSH increases. Vitamin E injection increases male Rats fertility in microgravity simulation too in comparision to the same group without this injection.

Average Glandular Dose (AGD), entrance skin Air Kerma (ESAK), and Normalized Glandular Dose (DgN) are the main dosimetric quantities in mammography. Breast tissue composition is one of the factors affecting DgN values. In the present study, both homogeneous and heterogeneous breast tissues are assumed evaluating their impacts on DgN values.
Homogeneous breast phantom with different glandular fractions simulated and DgN values were calculated for the homogeneous phantom. Also, a heterogeneous breast phantom was simulated, considering that adipose tissue is in the background and glandular tissue is in the form of spheres which are in the breast
phantom. By changing the radius of glandular tissue, the glandular fraction in heterogeneous breast phantom was changed. DgN values were also calculated for the heterogeneous breast phantom. DgN values in both homogeneous and heterogeneous breast phantoms were evaluated and the results were compared.
DgN values depend on glandular fraction in both homogeneous and heterogeneous breast phantoms.
As the glandular fraction increased, DgN values reduced almost linearly. Breast tissue heterogeneity affected DgN values, too; this effect is related to the distribution of the glandular tissue in the heterogeneous breast phantom, so that considering the change in the distribution of glandular tissue in the heterogeneous breast phantom, the relative difference in DgN value between homogeneous and heterogeneous phantom was variable between -47 to percent.
In the previous studies in which DgN coefficients were calculated, and this coefficient was used in mammography dosimetry, the effect of heterogeneity of breast tissue was not considered. According to the results of the present study and the evident effect of heterogeneity 3 of glandular and fat tissue on the breast phantom, a correction factor to the DgN values is suggested.

The amount of doses received in mammography is one of the biggest concerns in the world. According to some statistics, every 12 minutes a woman dies due to breast cancer. Mammography concerned to detect breast cancer at an early stage of the disease as well as for screening, however due to the risk of exposure, the increasingly and widespread use of mammography for breast cancer screening is a controversial subject. This research was done to compare the breast absorbed dose in the conventional and digital mammography devices that used in mammography centers in Tabriz city on 1395.
This research was done as descriptive study. In the first three mammograms, according to the instructions of the Atomic Energy Organization of Iran (AEOI) for quality control were tested. Information about 322 patients who for mammography went to four centers over four months were collected, then the values of average dose of mammary glands in the mammogram images as milli-Gray (mGy) were calculated and analyzed.
In the 4 clinics, the mean values of compressed tissue thickness in the conventional mammography device for CC and MLO were 4.01 ± 0.92 cm and 4.49 ± 1.63 cm and the dose values were 1.53 ± 0.58 mGy and 1.58 ± 0.59 mGy respectively, P-value that received is 1. Also the mean values of compressed tissue thickness in digital mammography device for CC and MLO were 5.8 ± 1.00 cm and 6.30 ± 1.01 cm and the dose values 2.07 ± 0.71 mGy and 2.15 ± 0.69 mGy were obtained respectively and also p-value is received 0.925.
According to this study, it seems that despite the benefits of digital mammography on the conventional mammography, digital mammography device has more average absorbed dose rather than conventional mammography device. Due to the higher absorbed dose, doing of regular quality control and dose reduction techniques are recommended in digital mammography.

Cutaneous leishmaniasis is the most important parasitic disease. As the number of resistant types to glucantime (drug of choice) is increasing, it is needed to investigate the effects of other drugs like herbal medicines on this disease. Several studies have shown the anti Leishmania effects of olive leaf on the Leishmania and also some organisms. The goal of this study was to evaluate the in vitro effects of olive leaf aqueos and hydroalcoholic extract on amastigots of Leishmania tropica glutamimn resistance and sensitive in vitro.
Materials & Methodes: Mouse peritoneal macrophages for the maintenance of Leishmania were used in vitro culture.To determine the effect of the extract on macrophage cytotoxicity MTT assay was performed and CC50 was calculated. In order to investigate the Leishmania tropica amastigots glutamimn resistance with different concentrations of olive leaf aqueous extract 0.31, 0.625, 1.25, 2.5mg/ml and olive leaf hydroalcoholic extract with different concentrations 3.1, 6.25, 12.5, 25 µg/ml were incubated for 24-72 hours. Geimsa stain was used as positive and negative controls, respectively.
we found that olive leaf aqueous extract in 2.5mg/ml and hydroalcoholic extract in 25 µg/ml to 72 hours, are the best concentration and time. It is important to note that olive leaf aqueous and hydroalcoholic extract didn’t have any effect on Leishmania tropica Glucantime resistance in vitro (p≤0.05).
Discussion & the natural products are available and safe and can be used as a drug model without side effects, especially on amastigots of Leishmania tropica glutamimn sensitive.

The most important factor in the formation of Staphylococcus aureus is the ability to form biofilms. This bacterium has the ability to bind and penetrate into tissue cells. Biofilmic infections are usually chronic and reversible and respond to difficult treatment. The purpose of this study was to identify biofilm genes in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from clinical and food samples using multiple PCR methods.
In this study, 60 isolates of Staphylococcus aureus cultured from human and food after extraction of genome were used to study the presence of adherent genes using multiple PCR techniques. The phenotypic study of biofilm formation was performed using Microtiter plates assay microplate technique.
In total, 60 samples of food and humans studied included 6 samples of foodstuff, 20% of samples and of 2 samples clinical 6.67% isolated from biofilms. In 30 isolates isolated from food, the frequency of fnbB, clfB, clfA genes was identified as 20%, 76.66%, 80%, respectively. However, among the 30 clinical samples, fnbB, clfB, clfA genes were 6.66%, 70%, 93.33%, respectively. The fnbA gene was not detected in any of the samples.
The results of the study showed that the high prevalence of biofilm-inducing genes and also a relatively high phenotypic expression among the samples showed that it could be related to the resistance of the isolates of Staphylococcus aureus.

Staphylococcus is a bacterium responsible for a wide range of diseases, from mild skin infections to lethal necrosis pneumonia. The aim of this study was to determine the virulence factors among methicillin resistant and sensitive strains isolated from clinical specimens of children referred to the pediatric medical center and also to be aware of their antibiotic resistance.
In the present study, 100 strains of Staphylococcus aureus, susceptible and resistant to methicillin, were collected during one year. First Biochemical tests were performed to detect Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Then antibiotic susceptibility test was performed using antibiotic disks (MAST;England) according to CLSI guidelines. The presence of hlg, mecA, nuc and pvl genes was investigated by PCR method and sequenced.
30 samples (30%) were methicillin-resistant (MRSA) using the cefoxitin disk. The most susceptible to antibiotics, vancomycin with 100% and the highest resistance to antibiotics, penicillin with 98% were determined. The prevalence of hlg, mecA, and pvl genes was 30%, 95% and 6%, respectively.
The present study showed that vancomycin and cotrimoxazole antibiotics were the best effect against MRSA strains.