نشریه پژوهش در پزشکی
سال چهل و سوم شماره 1 (پیاپی 169، بهار 1398)

Urban air pollution represents a challenge in Tehran. Health care organs and physicians pay much attention because of health effect on mankind. Nowadays, a majority of air pollution related articles focus on particulate matter adverse effects on human health. Epidemiologic studies show the direct correlation between ambient particulate matter and risk of respiratory system and cardiovascular disease. However, little attention has been given to the effects of air pollution on the gastrointestinal system. Emergency system visit increases on polluted days. Recent studies have shown high incidence of susceptibility to inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), appendicitis, and colorectal cancer in the polluted ar eas. We investigated the effect of Particulate matter in two aerodynamic diameters (PM2.5 and PM10) on peritoneal immune system cells. PM filters of different stations were purchased from Tehran Air Quality Standard Agency. After harvesting the particles from corresponding filters, the PMs were cultured with C57BL/6 inbred mice peritoneal macrophages. MTT test was performed to define the stimulatory and toxic effects of PMs on macrophages. The results of MTT test showed stimulation of macrophages by PMs. PM2.5 was more potent in increasing MTT test absorbance. Also, both particles stimulated macrophages in 10μg/ml concentration in comparison to 5 μg/ml concentration. These results show particles stimulate macrophages and this stimulation can result in production of inflammatory cytokines and other macrophage function. In further studies, we will continue our investigation by evaluating PM effects on pr oducing cytokines and gene expression. Keywords: Immune system; Macrophage; Peritoneal; Suspended particles of air pollution

Backgrond:Fatty liver, which impairs the balance of blood lipids, is one of the most common liver diseases in the present century. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise and vitamin D supplementation on fatty liver and lipid profiles. In this semi-experimental study, conducted in the winter of 1395 in the city of Dehloran, 40 women (weight: 81.5±8.8 and BMI: ≥30) who had Fatty Liver, grades I to III, were randomly divided into aerobic exercise and vitamin D supplement (combined), aerobic training, Vitamin D Supplementation, and control groups (n=10). The exercise groups performed 45 minutes of exercise on treadmill with 60% maximum heart rate for 8 weeks and 3 sessions per week. Supplementary groups received 50,000 units of vitamin D every week. Blood samples were used to measure lipid profiles and liver enzymes and ultrasound to measure liver parenchyma in pretest and posttest (48 hours after the latest session of aerobic training). Descriptive statistics were used to determine the mean and standard deviation of each variable and Shapiro-Wilkes test to determine the natural distribution of data. Also, covariance analysis was used to examine the changes between groups. In order to compare the two groups, Bonferron’s post hoc test was used. The hepatic enzymes in the combined group and the aerobic training group were significantly different compared with the control and vitamin D supplementation groups (p<0.05) (ALP=0/001, ALT=0/014, AST=0/000. However, it was not found to be statistically different between combined and aerobic training in the hepatic enzymes. The liver parenchyma was significantly decreased in the combined group compared with other groups (p<0.05) (P=0/000). In addition, Triglyceride and LDL levels decreased significantly in the combined group as compared with other groups (p<0.05) (LDL=0/011, TG=0/015). However, there was no statistically significant difference in the HDL and cholesterol between the groups (p>0.05) (HDL= 0/148, COLE=0/591). Vitamin D supplementation with aerobic exercise can have more effects on the levels of liver enzymes, liver parenchyma, as well as triglyceride and LDL in women with fatty liver. Keywords: Aerobic exercise; Vitamin D; Fatty liver; Liver enzymes; Lipid pr ofiles

Thimerosal (THIM) is one of the most important and inexpensive preservatives in many pharmaceutical and health products. The current knowledge on the impact of this substance on fetal neurodevelopment and incidence of behavioral and tissue defects is very controversial. Here we investigated neonatal administration of THIM on behaviors and cerebellar tissue, which are important in movement, balance, and sensory integration and which are more typically altered in Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) ASD. The experiments were directed on 40 young adult male and female Wistar rats, in groups of 10, which were randomly divided into four groups: groups 2 & 1: male and female experimental groups (which received THIM (300μg Hg/kg), Intramuscular injections (im) on postnatal days (15 ,11 ,9 ,7) and groups 3 4 &: male and female control groups (which received saline in the same pattern). On the fourth week after birth, rats were examined with open field test and in the 8th post natal week, three-chamber paradigm test was conducted on the animals. After the end of the behavioral tests, histological studies wer e perfromed. Adult male and female rats, which were exposed to THIM, demonstrated impairments of locomotors activity and their social affiliation, social memory, and novelity reduced (p<0.001). During freezing, grooming, as the stereotyped behavior, increased significantly (p<0.05). The results of histological studies showed a significant decrease in the number of purkinje cells in the groups treated with THIM (p<0.001). These data document that probably the early postnatal THIM administration causes lasting neurobehavioral and histological impairments and these conditions could contribute to neurodevelopmental disorders.

Backgroundm: Scapulohumeral rhythm (SHR) has been established as the kinematic hallmark indicating motion of the shoulder joint. Numerous studies have investigated the effect of different factors on SHR. The purpose of the present study was to determine the scapular upward rotation and scapulohumeral rhythm ratio among frontal, sagittal, and scapular planes in different humeral abduction angles. In the curremnt experimental study, conducted at the University of Kurdistan in 2018, 35 healthy male individuals participated. Two inclinometers were used to measure humeral abduction
and scapular upward rotation in scapular rest position, 45°, 90°, and 135° shoulder abduction in frontal, sagittal, and scapular planes. Participants performed humeral abduction with dominant shoulder in different planes. The scapular motility rhythm was calculated from the distribution of glenohumeral abduction rate on the upper scapular rotation from the rest position of the scapula to 45, 90 and 135 degrees of shoulder abduction at different levels. No significant difference was found in scapular upward rotation (p=0.07) and scapulohumeral rhythm (p=0.48) among frontal, sagittal, and scapular planes in 45° humeral abduction, but the scapula had more upward rotation in 90° humeral abduction in frontal plane compared with sagittal plane (p<0.05). Also, the scapula had more upward rotation in 135° humeral abduction in frontal plane compared with scapular and sagittal planes (p<0.05). On the other hand, findings showed that scapulohumaral rhythm ratio from scapular rest position to 45°, 90°, and 135° humeral abduction in frontal plane was less compared with that of sagittal and scapular planes (p<0.05). On the other hand, findings showed that scapulohumaral rhythm ratio from scapular rest position to 90° humeral abduction in sagittal plane was more as compared with frontal plane while scapulohumaral rhythm ratio from scapular rest position to 135° humeral abduction in sagittal plane was more than those of the two other planes (p<0.05). Conclusion It seems that there are significant differences in scapular upward rotation and scapulohumaral
rhythm ratio among frontal, sagittal, and scapular planes. These findings can be useful in clinical assessments and future studies.

Since diet and nutrition education is known as a control agent for diabetes, in this research we investigated the effect of nutrition education on diabetic patients together with one of their family members on knowledge attitude and practice of these individuals. In the current experimental study, 60 diabetic patients were selected from the Registry Office who refered to Neyshaboor Health Center. A questionnaire on Attitude and Practice (KAP) was completed by the researcher for all participants, and then they were randolmy divided into two groups of case and controls. The case and control groups were taught face to face training and group training for two months and once every two weeks for the intervention group and at least one of their family members. At the end of two months, the questionnaire was completed again. No new training was given in the control group. Data were entered into SPSS, v. 20, and descriptive statistics of frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation were used. Inferential statistics were used to analyze the data, using Chi-square, independent t-test, paired t-test, logistic regression, and ANCOVA. Next, the results of the beginning of the study and the twomonth training program were compared. Diabetic Patients Training with at least one person in their family had a significant improvement in knowledge, attitude, and nutritional function (001/0>p). Diabetic Patients Training with at least one person in their family led to a significant reduction in their BMI (p = 0.01) and it reduced the fasting blood glucose levels (p = 0.08), but this decrease was not statistically significant. Although diabetic patients training has a significant role in promoting their knowledge, attitudes and, practice, Diabetic Patients Training with at least one person in their family plays a more effective role in this improvement. On the other hand, there is a significant relationship between lack of knowledge about food groups and the risk of diabetes, indicating that planned and trained training can be very effective in reducing the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Key Words: Type 2 Diabetes, Nutritional attitude, Knowledge and Performance, Nutrition Education   materials and methods This study is an experimental study. 60 diabetic patients were selected from the Registry Office between who refers to Neyshaboor Health Center, after coordination they divided into case and control groups in a completely randomized way  Face to face education and group training for 2 months for the case group and at least one of their family members and after the end of two months, the questionnaire was completed again. There was no new training in the control group. Information was entered into the spss software and analyzed. The results of the beginning of the study and at the end of the two month were compared Diabetic Patients Training with at least one person in their family had a significant improvement in knowledge, attitude and nutritional function (001/0>p). Diabetic Patients Training with at least one person in their family led to a significant reduction in their BMI and it reduced the fasting blood glucose levels, but this decrease was not statistically significant. Although diabetic patients training have a significant role in promoting their knowledge, attitudes and, practice but Diabetic Patients Training with at least one person in their family, plays a more effective role in this improvement. On the other hand, there is a significant relationship between lack of knowledge about food groups and the risk of diabetes, indicating that planned and trained training can be very effective in reducing the risk of developing type 2 diabetes

  Despite advances in cancer studies, colorectal cancer, as the third most common cancer, has the highest mortality rate worldwide. Due to its high prevalence in the younger ages and advanced stages, screening of this cancer with molecular methods is necessary. Studies have shown that HOTAIR gene plays an important role in cancers. Our aim in the present study was to determine the expression of HOTAIR gene in tumor and tumor margins of patients with colorectal cancer using Real-Time PCR. In the present case-control study, 47 colorectal cancer patients who had referred to Imam Reza Hospital in Tabriz from May to March 2011 were evaluated. Samples were subjected to extraction of RNA after confirmation by the pathologist, and then the HOTAIR gene expression was measured and analyzed using Real Time-PCR and Graph Pad Prism, respectively. The expression level of HOTAIR in tumor samples was about seven times higher than that of marginal samples (p = 0.0009). Also, by increasing the degree of tumor differentiation, the expression of HOTAIR gene decreased (p = 0.023). HOTAIR gene is involved in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer, and the use of expression analysis of this gene as a biomarker can be helpful in diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of patients, although more studies are needed to verify this claim. Keywords: HOTAIR; Real time PCR; Colorectal cancer; lncRNAd.

Cerebellar tumors are considered as clinically significant intracranial neoplasms and acknowledgment of their epidemiological characteristics tends to be essential. The present study was conducted in order to determine the prevalence and types of their cerebellar tumors in Shohada-e-Tajrish Hospital between 2006-2014. In the current observational descriptive study, 105 patients with brain cerebellar tumor in Shohada-e-Tajrish Hospital from 2006 to 2014 were included in the study and prevalence and types of their cerebellar tumors were determined. According to the results, hemangioblastoma (15.2%), schwannoma (12.4%), pilocytic astrocytoma (13.3%), medulloblastoma (18.1%), and meningioma (9.5%) were the most common cerebellar tumor types. Age correlated with tumor’s type (P=0.0001). Meningioma was more common among older patients, while choroid plexus tumors were more seen among younger patients. The gender and clinical symptoms did not have any correlation with tumor type (P > 0.05). It can be concluded that prevalence and types of cerebellar tumors in our center are similar to the worldwide incidence trend

Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic pathogenic bacterium that can provide invasive conditions by secreting various toxins. It is involved in the development of skin infections, such as swollen and ulcers. Today, one of the main problems is the treatment of Staphylococcus aureus resistant strains. The aim of the current study was to detect virulence factors and antibiotic resistance among strains isolated from wound infections of children who referred to Tehran Children’s Medical Hospital in 1396-97. A total of 59 strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from wound infection were collected during one year. Staphylococcus aureus was detected using biochemical tests. For antibiotic susceptibility test, antibiotic disks (Mast، UK) were used according to the CLSI 2017. For detection of virulance genes, including nuc، mecA، tsst-1، hla، hlb، hld، eta، etb، etc, PCR method was used. Vancomycin and linezolid were sensitives for all isolates and the highest resistance antibiotic was penicillin with 98.3%. The frequency distribution of genes s mecA، tsst-1، hla، hlb، hld، eta، etb، and etd were 59.3%, 37.7%, 71.2%, 57.6%, 96.6%, 100%, 11.9%, 27.1%, respectively. All isolates were sensitive to vancomycin and linezolid, and these antibiotics were the best choices for the first line of treatment for staphylococcus aureus strains. Since all isolates of Staphylococcus aureus were obtained from children wound infections and all of them contained oxfolitic A gene, control and disinfection measures seem to be important among children, because these strains have the potential to spread this gene among hospitalized patients.