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Religious Inquiries - Volume:6 Issue: 2, Summer and Autumn 2017

Religious Inquiries
Volume:6 Issue: 2, Summer and Autumn 2017

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1396/09/30
  • تعداد عناوین: 7
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  • Maryam Zaeri Amirani, Enshaallah Rahmati *, Mohsen Javadi Pages 1-24
    Avicenna is a renowned peripatetic philosopher whose rationality continuously draws the attention of many scholars. In many of his works, he resorts to the hierarchy of intellects (angels) to explain the process of the emanation of the multiplicity from the One, as well as the emergence of beings. As these intellects are among the ontological causes of the human soul in the arc of descent, they also guide human individuals through the arc of ascent. Angels are of two types according to Avicenna: (1) the intellects who reveal themselves to human beings via mystical experience and endow them with all the necessary means of intellectual and spiritual transcendence and (2) the celestial or heavenly souls who serve them as an examples of vision and intuition. The manifestation of intellects plays a key role in the explanation of mystical experience, because they account for the rationality of mystical experience, on the one hand, and provide a typology of mystical experiences, on the other hand, based on human existential status. Moreover, one can recognize and tackle the existing obstacles before pure vision and intuition via a study of Avicenna's ideas.
    Keywords: Avicenna, mystical experience, intellects (archangels), celestial souls (heavenly angels)
  • Seyyed Mohammad Reza Navvab *, Ali Aqanoori Pages 25-40
    Hadith al-Iftiraqis a famous hadith attributed to Prophet Muhammad (s) in many Shi‘i and Sunni hadith collections, as well as in heresiographical sources. Among many books written by contemporary heresiographers, few have failed to mention this hadith in their writings. Many Shi‘i and Sunni traditionists have collected the traditions that deal with the future of the Muslim ummah under such titles as the hadith of fitan (tribulations), iftiraq al-ummah (division of ummah),or ittiba‘ sunan man mada (lit., following the ways of those who have passed). However, it seems that none of the above traditions have been more welcomed by heresiographers and apologists than the hadith iftiraq al-ummah. This article will analyze this hadith and its different versions and various interpretations, especially the identity of the only sect that, according to the hadith, will be saved in the Hereafter.
    Keywords: hadith, heresiography, sect, sectarianism
  • Ali Haghi * Pages 41-55
    In this article, we have attempted to scrutinize Freud’s psychological analysis of man and God. Four different interpretations of this Freudian analysis have been examined hereunder. Freud believes that religion is the outcome of wishful thinking or fear. Freud’s views on the origin of religion have been stated in a detailed fashion in his works on psychoanalysis. His The Future of an Illusion is the focus of our study of his views on God and man in this article. Freud held that the idea of God is simply a subjective illusion, since theism is only the product of father-complex. He suggested that every child is helpless, and for this reason depends upon his human father. As the child grows up, he finds that he cannot depend on his father for protection from a hostile and intolerable world. Therefore, he concocts an idea of a divine being and projects his image of his father unto a cosmic scale. He then turns to this figment of his imagination for security and comfort.
    Keywords: God, human being, psychoanalysis, wishful thinking
  • Javad Taheri * Pages 57-66
    The objective of this article is to show that it is justified to assert that the existence of God is plausible, considering the fact that thinking itself is an immediate outcome (effect) of a thinker (cause). This idea may seem evident, but it is in fact challenged by certain claims of cognitive philosophers who aver that our knowledge of necessity and causation is, in the final analysis, bounded by our naturalness. That is to say, what we understand of necessity and causation is originally based on root-experiences we have had from the early moments of our birth onward or even before our birth.
    This article tries to display that giving a model for a kind of necessity which is not essentially built upon the naturalness of human experiences can negate the universality of believing in the naturalness of human understanding. With this, one can prove the probability of the existence of a Necessary Being, whose necessity is different from the so-called embodied necessity. However, the Necessary Being is not equal to all conceptions of God, but it is equal to some of them. The article concludes that the probability of the existence of God (of a particular kind) is an inevitable outcome, even with the presupposition of cognitive philosophers.
    Keywords: cognitive philosophy, causation, necessity, thinking, Necessary Being, God
  • Seyyed Mohammad Hossein Sadat Chavoshian *, Mohammad Hadi Mofatteh Pages 67-83
    This essay aims to examine the characteristics and criteria of good management as prescribed by the Qur’an and traditions, especially the sayings of Imam Ali (a) in Nahj al-balagah. These have been recommended by the aforementioned sources with the intent of creating a prosperous society.
    By “management” we mean the general sense of the word, which includes the management of organizations and other entities, as well as the leadership of society and the guidance of individuals in social communication. We believe that Islam is a comprehensive religion that gives importance to the rights of individuals and society. Furthermore, when it wants to make worldly, spiritual, or moral propositions, Islam always takes the purpose of man’s existence into consideration. According to Islamic teachings, without proper leadership and management, society and its members will not be able to achieve prosperity and success.
    Keywords: Management, leadership, society, Islam
  • Sorayya Muniri *, Mohammad Reza Kazemi Golvardi Pages 85-103
    Qur’anic verses and hadiths certify that Allah has bestowed dignity upon mankind. Therefore, man essentially deserves respect. Islamic law has primarily made use of two ways to safeguard human dignity. First, there are prohibitions in Islamic law that safeguard man’s dignity. Second, the penal laws of Islam restrict punishments to those cases where they are absolutely necessary. In this article, we will briefly examine these two ways.
    Keywords: human dignity, Islamic law, penal law, prohibitions
  • Arash Tahmasb, Mojtaba Zarvani * Pages 103-122
    Mirza Fath Ali Akhundzadeh is considered one of the most important and influential personalities in the religious-social life of contemporary Iran. He began his cultural activities writing dramas and criticizing the religious-social situation of the society he lived in. He said that this resembled Protestantism. In addition to this, he also dealt theoretically with the criticism of religion and issues related to it.
    This article is an attempt to survey the basic features of his intellectual system and his main objections to religion-in particular the religion of Islam-as they are reflected in his major works. Hence, a comprehensive view of his life as well the events that influenced his ideas have been presented herein.
    Keywords: Akhundzadeh, Protestantism, Criticism of Religion, Islam