فصلنامه تحقیقات اقتصادی
پیاپی 104 (پاییز 1392)

In this paper a general view of the Gini decomposition is presented. In order to decompose the Gini coefficient into within group inequality، between group inequality and transvariation inequality of the Iranian urban and rural areas، the 2006 and 2010 micro-data and Dagum (1997) method is used. The results indicate that about 48 percent of the inequality in the country as a whole has been due to within group (urban and rural) inequality. About 26 (2006) and 22 (2010) percent of the inequality has been due to the inequality between urban and rural، while 27 (2006) and 29 (2010) percent of the inequality has been because of the transvariation inequality. Although more than half of the inequality has been caused by the gross inequality between urban and rural areas، ignoring the transvariation inequality، urban inequality has the most contribution of total inequality.

In welfare economic studies، because of the differences among households scale، we cannot consider household expenditures without attention to this factor. A simple method to consider household scale in welfare analysis is the usage of the per capita expenditure. But، the usage of per capita expenditure ignores economies of scale. In fact، per capita expenditure is a biased variable، and undervalues the welfare of populous households. The Equivalence Scale is an appropriate solution for this problem and presents an index for welfare comparison among households with different scales. This paper tries to estimate the equivalence scale for Iranian urban households. It calculates Equivalence scale index for Iranian households with 2 up to 6 members. Income-expenditure data for 15010 urban households in 1386 is used. The results show that Equivalence Scale index in various income levels is different. In addition، it increases with the increase of relative income.

Factor demand behavior such as energy demand has an important role in the economic analysis. This issue is a major concern in the developing countries (e. g. Iran) which are benefited from vast energy resources. In this paper، the third generation of factor demand models is used to analyze the behavior of capital adjustment in the Iranian manufacturing industries. The dataset covers the two-digit International Standard of Industrial Classification (ISIC) during 1995-2007. The Generalized Leontief functional form has been chosen as an empirical model and estimated by Full Information Maximum Likelihood (FIML) method. The findings indicate that capital، electricity، and other energy carriers are complements in the manufacturing industries and the speed of adjustment for capital input is very low. Also، labor is an inferior input in the Iranian manufacturing industries.

Budget plays an important role in public sector management and administration. one of its components is revenues forecasting and Without the necessary accuracy in predicting revenues، government deficit will occur and people are incapable of facing with losses of reducing of important and essential services like education and health care. In this study، the rational expectations hypothesis is a matter of predict the government tax revenues. The models are estimated by OLS method show that between tax revenues only for the tax on legal entities that can not weak rationality hypothesis rejected. Also، the strong rationality test results to the model by using SURE estimation، suggests that strong rationality hypothesis is confirmed for forecast revenue from taxes on legal entities. This means that planners predict budget of income tax on legal entities unbiased and rational by using available information efficient.

Firm Size and its impact on the firm performance examined in all of economics historical periods from different point of view. Meanwhile، productivity is one the most important performance index for each firm، therefore so many studies tries to survey firm size impact on it. In Iran also، economics literature replete with productivity studies but the impact of size on it rarely seen between them. Thus، this study focused on other non-metallic mineral products industry as one of the most important manufacturing industries in Iran to explain the size effect on productivity. DEA and Malmquist index have been used in order to measure productivity and pooling data method to estimate its relation with firm size. The results indicate that not only the larger firms have better performance in productivity at the 2-digit industry levels، but also we could see this result in most of 3 and 4-digit codes، too.

This paper extends endogenous growth models through augmenting it with government budget and oil revenues as well as the effect of public investment efficiency on long run growth of private and government consumption and import for an oil producing economy. Based on the extracted model، the optimal growth rate of government current expenditure (or consumption) has a positive relation with the efficiency use of public investment in oil production sector. With the increase of the share of oil revenues in the government budget، the optimal growth rate of government current expenditure increases. In addition، the effect of oil revenue injection to the government budget on the long run growth of public consumption depends on the efficiency use of public capitals in the oil production sector. In other words، if investment in oil sector is not sufficient and its capital return is very low، the economy can experience a low long run growth for government current expenditure.

Policy makers have taken into less consideration the market mechanism in the allocation of water resources، contrary to its long role and precedent in allocation goods and resources. The market mechanism is used in many regions of world for water management to increase the water scarcity certainly، but historical form of acquiring water resources didn’t lead to a proper market so economic price of water isn’t determined by market equilibrium and isn’t based for transaction. Therefore water allocation among users in many regions in Iran is performed under local government management and often based on political-social regulations instead of economic criteria but this kind of water resources management caused no optimal water allocation in Iran. For this reason and to solve the mentioned problem، this study investigates the irrigation water markets and analyses the economic and social impacts of water markets in the lower part lands of dams in North Khorasan province of Iran. The positive mathematical programming (PMP) models have been developed to estimate the water demand function in six regions and estimate the expected pay for water in each region. Then the economic and social impacts of water markets have been investigated. The results show that establishing of water market will increase the total welfare by 2640 and 1182 million Rials، the total net return of cultivation crops as 12 and 23 percent and total employment by 62 and 32 percent in normal and dry scenario respectively. These models have been solved by CONOPT solver in GAMS package under 2007-2008 agricultural data، which have been acquired by interviews and completion of 187 questionnaires.

This paper aims to investigate obstacles of doing business in province of Zanjan. For this purpose، three complementary methods are used: first، surveying the business environment from the businessmen’s perspectives، using «Enterprise Survey» questionary; second، studying realized indices of business environment; and third، evaluating investors’ complaints submitted to Investment Committee of Province. Results indicate that existence of land opponents; complicatedness of dealing with permits; difficulty of getting credit; disputes between business owners and authorities of social security organization; and irregular import of Chinese products are the main obstacles of investment in zanjan.

There are many approaches in economic literature for investigation of firm performance. In general، those theories very useful for investigation the nature and role of competitive advantage. Resource based view، dynamic capability، entrepreneurial theory، neoclassic theory، industrial organization approach are some of those theories. Todays، banks try to attract customers through various new methods. However what can help banks to meet this goal is to try to achieve competitive advantage. Many banks have tried to create advantages for themselves in different ways so that preserve their place in competition with other banks. In this article، by means of structure-conduct-performance (SCP) paradigm، we investigate banks competitiveness factors. After reviewing literature and expert interviews we develop a questionnaire. Finally we find financial power as a power that has the most effect on competitiveness of Iranian bank. JEL Classification: G21.

The main object of this paper is to find out the impact of economic and institutional factors on export of services in considering the example of OIC countries. Panel data method as an econometrics approach is used for estimating models. Results show that variables such as GDP per capita، the real exchange rate، foreign direct investment، and information infrastructures have positive and significant effects on services export and inflation is a disincentive to it. Furthermore، the membership of these countries in regional blocks، ECO and D8، has a significantly positive effect on the total services export. The worse performance of institutional factors such as government effectiveness، political stability، rule of law، control of corruption and governance index in contrast have a significantly negative impact on services exports. Therefore، policy makers in public and private sectors should plan for development of services exports by consideration of the economic and institutional factors for selecting of their trade partners.