فصلنامه حیات
سال بیست و سوم شماره 3 (پیاپی 75، پاییز 1396)

Nurses are a major part of the health system workforce. Also, this group of healthcare workers has an important role in providing direct care to the patients. Therefore, nurses are considered an important pillar in any health system (1). However, during recent years, the shortage of nursing staff and high rate of job leaving have become a serious concern in many countries (2). To properly and timely deal with this challenge, it is necessary to have accurate information about all its relative factors such as number, age status, years of service, employment of nursing graduates, the number of active beds, their geographical distribution and the prediction of the number of nursing graduates in the next years.
While some studies have recently emphasized the issue that Iran, similar to many other countries, is facing nursing staff shortage (3), no clear picture is available of the current and future needs for nursing workforce due to the poor infrastructures of health information system in our country. Nejatian has stated that “there is still no accurate statistics on the shortage of nursing staff and the required nursing workforce” (4). However, some health ministry officials have suggested that there is a shortage of 200 thousand nursing staff (5).
Currently, if we accept that the country is facing the challenge of nursing shortage, it will be necessary to comprehensively consider all the factors related to supply and demand. One of the efforts made in recent years was to increase the capacity of nursing schools and establish new nursing schools for training a higher number of nurses. But some believe that a number of graduated nurses are not interested in working in the nursing field (6). For example, according to a governmental report, in 2013, about 1.6 million licensed nurses in the United States did not work in nursing (7). Therefore, further workforce training will not necessarily resolve the shortage of staff and it is necessary to consider other important factors influencing the recruitment and retention of nursing workforce. Among these factors, job satisfaction has a great role in the nurses’ intention to leave their profession (8) or decrease their working hours (9). Occupational burnout, social support (10) and the salaries and bonuses system (11) are other important factors that should be considered for resolving the problem of nursing shortage.
Considering the current situation, if the current shortage is caused by the lack of interest in working in nursing field or leaving nursing career, as Florence Nightingale proved that caring for the injured soldiers is less costly for the British army than letting them die and recruiting new soldiers (12), increasing the capacity for training nurses is not a cost-effective approach for resolving the problem of nursing shortage.
Despite what was mentioned above, the policy makers’ main strategy is still to increase the number of graduated nurses. In this regard, there are various experiences about developing and implementing nursing education programs in the world that could be an appropriate choice for resolving the problem of nursing staff shortage. One of these programs is “Accelerated Nursing Program” which has been developed for the graduates of non-nursing bachelor’s degree to be trained as a nurse. The first Accelerated Nursing Programs was developed in the early 1970s which gradually grew over the next years (13). These accelerated programs are based on the previous experiences of the students and provide an opportunity for individuals with a bachelor’s degree in other disciplines to enter the field of nursing (14). Accelerated nursing programs would provide the fastest way for issuing a nursing license to non-nursing graduates and last from 12 to 18 months (15). These programs are intense with courses offered full-time and there is no break between the courses; the students would pass the same hours of clinical internship as their counterparts in traditional nursing programs. Nursing staff value to the graduates of accelerated nursing programs because they would bring a great amount of skill and education to the workplace; they claim that these graduates are more mature and have stronger clinical skills and also are quick in learning the necessities of the job (14). Results of the study by Ouellet showed that accelerated programs would train qualified nurses who could be successfully prepared for clinical activities (16). Results of a retrospective study by Raines revealed that most graduates of accelerated nursing programs were working in nursing field and a great percentage of them were either studying or a higher degree graduates in nursing (15). Studies on the evaluation of accelerated nursing programs revealed positive results and outcomes in implementing these programs (17, 18).
Iran has high rates of unemployment among university graduates in many fields (19). Considering this important issue and our country’s priority in creating employment for them, it seems that applying the accelerated nursing programs rather than untested programs such as nurse training plan using the capacity of hospital, which has no clear structure, process and results, can be appropriate for the current situation in the country. Therefore, in order to find an answer to this challenge, it is recommended that nursing shortage area should be determined and these programs be launched in those areas. In such a framework, the required nursing staff can be provided in a shorter duration of time and with less cost.

Needlestick injuries (NSIs) are a serious occupational hazard for health care providers and nurses that are often not reported for various reasons. Several studies have reported a different rate of this great challenge. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to estimate the prevalence of under-reporting of NSIs in healthcare providers in Iran.
Methods & Materials: By searching national and international databases including SID, Magiran, Google Scholar, IranMedex, Science Direct, PubMed and Scopus, 19 published articles were extracted. Data analysis was carried out through the random-effects model, and heterogeneity was investigated by I2 index. The data were analyzed using the Stata software version 12.0.
The rate of non-reporting of NSIs in 19 relevant articles in Iran with the sample size of 9274 was 59% (95% CI: 49-69). The rate of under-reporting of NSIs in the healthcare providers (64%) was higher than in nurses (55%). Based on the meta-regression results, there was no significant relationship between the prevalence of under-reporting of NSIs and the year of publication (P=0.138), sample size (P=0.390) and age (P=0.918).
The results of the study showed that more than half of health care providers did not report NSIs. Notifying health care providers about the risks of NSIs and properly dealing with the injured cases is necessary in order to increase the reporting of NSIs.

Although the number of kidney donors is increasing in the country, few relatives decide to donate. Decision making on kidney donation to a relative faces many challenges, while how to make this decision is still ambiguous. The aim of the present study was to explore the way of decision making about kidney donation to a relative.
Methods & Materials: The present study was a qualitative study conducted in 2015. The thematic analysis approach was used to analyze the data. In this study, 16 relative donors from the kidney transplant centers of all the teaching hospitals affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences (Imam Khomaini, Shariati, Sina) were selected through purposive sampling. Then, 16 face-to-face, in-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted. Data were analyzed using the thematic analysis approach proposed by Clark & Braun (2006).
Data analysis led to the identification of two themes “being resolute in decision making” and “mulling over the decision”. The first theme was comprised of three subthemes including donation with a heartfelt desire, consistency in decision making, discretion in decision making, and the second theme was consisted of two subthemes including unsteady in decision making and bargaining in decision making.
Decision making on kidney donation to a relative faces a variety of challenges influenced by the donor’s family background, the supportive role of family members, kinship ties and a sense of love for relatives. By providing knowledge and awareness to donors to address ambiguities and subjective questions, they can have an important role in developing the culture of relative’s kidney donation.

The delay in childbearing is associated with a reduction in the total fertility rate and increase in the risk of pregnancy at an older age. Social learning theory has mostly been used to clarify the interaction between personal and environmental factors and behavior. In order to understand the factors underlying delayed childbearing, the present study aimed to predict the factors affecting the delay in first childbearing among young married women using the Bandura’s social learning theory.
Methods & Materials: This cross-sectional correlational study was conducted on 284 married women referred to the health centers and OB/GYN clinics of teaching hospitals in Mashhad in 2015-2016. The data collecting tool was comprised of five questionnaires regarding to personal and social factors. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, Pearson and Spearman correlation co-efficient, linear regression and multivariate regression using the SPSS software version 16.
The mean age of participants was 27.99±4.2, and the mean interval between marriage and the first child was 3.22±1.96, which was 1.25 years more than that of ideal spacing between marriage and childbirth. Multiple linear regressions showed negative and positive fertility motivations, perceived maternal self-efficacy, martial relationship, the number of sisters and childbearing-related religious beliefs had a significant effect on the interval between marriage and first childbirth (P The individual and environmental factors predicting delay in the first reproductive behavior were identified using the Bandura's social learning theory. The both factors should be considered in designing intervention programs for increasing fertility rate.

Infant hospitalization in the intensive care unit is stressful for parents so that it affects their parental role. Nurses, due to their special situation, can play an important role in reducing parental stress. This study aimed to determine the effect of parental role training by a nurse on stress in the parents of hospitalized newborns in a neonatal intensive care unit.
Methods & Materials: A quasi-experimental study (IRCT201605131788N17) was conducted on 72 parents (36 couples in the intervention group, 36 couples in the control group) of hospitalized newborns in the neonatal intensive care unit of Ali-Asghar hospital in 2016. The intervention group received the parental role training based on their needs. Their stress level was compared with the control group using the Parental Stress Scale. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, chi-square test, paired t-test, independent t-test and Fisher's exact test using the SPSS software v.16.
Before the education, there was no significant difference in the stress level between the two groups (P>0.05). After the education program, the stress level in the intervention group fell on the tenth day compared to the control group (P Training parents based on their educational needs reduces their stress. By reducing stress and improving the role of parents, it can be assured that the newborn is provided with the quality care at the time of admission.

Exposure to high stress in the work environment among the intensive care unit nurses results in leaving the profession and their unwillingness to continue their activities. This is one of the major challenges in the nursing profession and has a great effect on the effectiveness of health systems. Despite the importance of resilience, there is few studies on the intensive care unit nurses’ resilience. The aim of this study was to determine resilience and its association with the intensive care unit nurses’ intention to leave their profession.
Methods & Materials: This is a cross-sectional, descriptive analytical study on 400 nurses working in the intensive care units of teaching hospitals affiliated to Tabriz University of Medical Sciences in 2016. Data were collected through a modified form of Anticipated Turnover Scale designed by liou and a summarized form of Connor-Davidson’s resilience scale". Descriptive and inferential statistics (Mann-Whitney, and Kruskal-Wallis) were used for data analysis through SPSS version 13.
The mean rank for intention to leave and resilience was 2.83 (IQR: 0.67) and 25.50 (IQR: 8) respectively. Also, there was a negative, significant correlation between resilience and intention to leave (P Considering the rate of intention to leave the profession, more attention is needed to the factors affecting the intention to leave. In addition, due to the significant relationship between resilience and intention to leave, incorporating resilience-promoting strategies into nursing curriculum is recommended.

Promoting hope in hemodialysis patients is very important. Various methods have been suggested in order to raise hope in patients with chronic diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of an illness perception-based intervention on hope in patients with hemodialysis.
Methods & Materials: This is a randomized clinical trial (IRCT2016103130609N1) on 120 hemodialysis patients admitted in the dialysis department of Bou Ali Sina hospital in Qazvin from December to February 2016. The samples were randomly assigned into control and intervention groups. Before the intervention, questionnaires including demographic information, the Herth hope scale and a summarized form of illness perception were completed. The intervention group received the illness perception-based intervention in three sessions of 30 minutes each, prior to hemodialysis. Four weeks later, the Herth hope scale and illness perception questionnaire were re-completed by the both groups. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-test and ANCOVA using the SPSS software version 23.
Results showed no statistically significant differences in hope scores between the two groups (P=0.5589) but after the intervention, hope scores significantly increased in the experimental group (36.54±2.98) compared to the control group (33.88±3.76) (P The result of the present study indicated the illness perception-based intervention was effective in enhancing hope in the patients underwent hemodialysis. Therefore, this intervention is recommended for hemodialysis patients.

Infertile women experience greater stress in their life and have lower quality of life compared to fertile women. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of mindfulness-based cognitive psychotherapy (MBCT) on quality of life in infertile women.
Methods & Materials: In a randomized clinical trial (IRCT2017021132321N2) with the Solomon four-group design, 60 infertile women referred to Fatemeh Zahra Infertility Research Center in Babol in 2015, were randomly assigned into four groups (15 in the group of experiment with pretest, 15 in the group of experiment without pretest, 15 in the group of control with pretest, 15 in the group of control without pretest). A total of thirty participants in the experimental group received MBCT in eight group sessions (120 minutes, once a week). The control group received no intervention. Thirty participants at the beginning and sixty participants at the end of study completed the Quality of Life Questionnaire (WHOQOL-26). Data were analyzed by the SPSS software version 20 using univariate ANCOVA.
The mindfulness-based cognitive psychotherapy improved the quality of life in both experimental groups. The mean scores for all the four domains of quality of life including, physical health, psychological health, social relationships, and environment significantly increased in both experimental groups compared to control groups (P The use of MBCT as a reliable method for promoting the quality of life of infertile women is recommended in infertility clinics.